Reservoir Simulation& Numerical Simulators

Khaled FEKI
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Course Objectives

Learn about reservoir simulation using ECLIPSE Blackoil.

Understand how the simulator initializes and executes.
Define corner point grid geometry.
Describe rock and fluid properties.
Allocate initial pressure and saturation distributions.
Define aquifers.
Control wells under history matching and prediction.

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LECTURE TOPICS
Introduction
Data preparation
Gridding
Upscaling
Fluid description
Initialisation
Aquifer representation
Wells representations
History matching
Prediction
Numerical simulator :Eclipse
Petrel
Eclipse/Petrel worshop
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Course Objectives
Lecture:
Introduction to simulation
Introduction to ECLIPSE
ECLIPSE model: Discuss each section of the data file.
Convergence issues
Exercises:
Build a model from scratch.
Use Petrel to compare results.

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THE CHALLENGE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION

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DYNAMIC RESERVOIR SIMULATION

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Incentives for running a flow simulation

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Reservoir Simulation Basics

The reservoir is divided into many cells.

Basic data is provided for each cell.

Wells are positioned within the cells.

The required well production rates are specified as a function of

time.

The equations are solved to give the pressure and saturations for
each block as well as the production of each phase from each
well.

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Simulating Flow

Flow from one grid block to the next

Flow from a grid block to the well completion

Flow within the wells (and surface networks).

Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry
and
Properties

Fluid
Properties

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Well
Productio
n
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Reservoir simulator

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Reservoir simulation model

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Reservoir simulation model

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Main modeled phenomena

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Definitions

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Types of models

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Types of simulators

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Types of simulators

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Black Oil model

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NUMERICAL MODELS: DISCRETIZATION

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Reservoir Simulation PLANNING

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Prediction Future performance

Reservoir Simulation Model

Geological Model

History Matching

Reduce Operation Expenses

Increase Recovery

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Prediction

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Problem definition

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Data review

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Main Types of Data

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Study approach

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Study approach

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Gridding

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GRID TYPES

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GRID TYPES
Cartesian

Corner Point

Block-Centered

Unstructured
(PEBI)

Radial

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Sugar box geometry \ Block-Centered

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Sugar box geometry \ Block-Centered

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Block-centered grid

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Block-centered grid

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Block-centered grid

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Dip or fault ?

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Corner point geometry

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CPG grid intercell flow

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Fault description in CPG grid

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Example of CPG reservoir model

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Block-Centered vs. Corner Point: Geometry

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Block-Centered vs. Corner Point: Geometry

Block-Centered:

Corner Point:
Cell description can be
complex.
Pre-processor is required.
Geometry data is
voluminous.
Geologic structures can be
modelled accurately.
Pinchouts and
unconformities can be
modelled accurately.
Layer contiguity across fault
planes is accurately
modelled.

Cell description is simple.

Pre-processor is not
required.
Geometry data is small.
Geologic structures are
modelled simplistically.
Pinchouts and
unconformities are difficult
to model.
Incorrect cell connections
across faults (user must
modify transmissibility).

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Reservoir description : PROPERTIES

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Reservoir description : PROPERTIES

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Cartesian Data Reading Convention

Cell data is read with i cycling fastest, followed by j, then k.

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Cartesian Data Reading Convention

Cell data is read with R cycling fastest, followed by , then k.

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Block Identification and Ordering

Natural ordering
Zebra ordering
Diagonal D2 ordering
Alternating diagonal
D4 ordering
Cycle ordering
Cycle-2 ordering

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ACTIVE and DEAD CELLS

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NUMBER OF GRID CELLS

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GRID ORIENTATION

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CHOICE OF VERTICAL DISCRETIZATION

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Using LGR to model gas coning

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Grid definition: Quiz

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Reservoir layering

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Reservoir layering: Use of log Correlation

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Reservoir layering: Quiz

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Upscaling

Optimum level of
and techniques for
upscaling to
minimize errors

Gurpinar,
2001

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Rock properties: Main parameters

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Rock properties: Net thickness and porosity

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Rock properties: Compressibility

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Rock properties: Compressibility

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Horizontal & Vertical Permeability

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Horizontal Permeability

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Vertical Permeability

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Fluid description

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Fluid description: Influence of reservoir temperature

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Fluid description: Black oil assumptions

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Fluid description: Black oil relationships

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Fluid description: Black oil representation

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Black oil: From surface to reservoir conditions

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Fluid description: PVT Regions

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Initial state : Summary

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Initial state : Pressure calculations

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Example of the initial reservoir condition calculations

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Computing the initial pressure distribution

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Computing the initial pressure distribution

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Initial state: Saturation calculation

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Initial state: Water-Oil contact definition

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Initial state: Saturation calculation

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Initial state: Saturation Height function

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Initial state: Water-Oil contact discretization

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Aquifer Representation

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Aquifer Representation

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Use of large grid cells

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Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

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Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

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Van Everdingen and Hurst

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Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

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Van Everdingen and Hurst approach

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Wells representation

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Wells representation

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Wells representation: Inflow performance

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Wells representation: Inflow performance

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HISTORY MATCHING
OBJECTIVE
Validate (Calibrate) the reservoir characterization by comparing performance of the model
with historical performance (rates, pressures, saturations)
PRINCIPLE
Reproduce with the model the measured evolutions of pressure, BSW and GOR by well, by
zone or for the entire field.
Difficulties
Uncertainties on fault and flow barriers network.
RULE OF THUMB
Predictions are reliable on a period twice the production period.

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HISTORY MATCHING: Main issues

Observed flows are imposed on wells during the history period.
One expect to reproduce:
pressure evolution
WOR and GOR
WOC and GOC contacts
This is not a simple work as:
Many data are unknown (no information is available far from wells)
It is not obvious to detect the most influent data (all data act together)
Some artefacts must be corrected (grid size, grid orientation,)
It is possible to distinguish between two main types of problems:
Pressure match
Saturation match
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Steps IN HISTORY MATCHING

STEP 1 : Identification of available data that have to be matched
Adapt data to grid size
STEP 2 : Data Analysis
Identification of main uncertainty in the Geomodel
STEP 3 : Selection of matching parameters
Identification of probable range for each matching parameter
STEP 4 : Modification of matching parameters
Trial and error process
G&G must work hard to help the reservoir engineer to maintain the
consistency of the geological model, It is better to have rough, consistent
matching than matching which is accurate but destroys the model.
It is better to have rough, consistent matching than matching which is
accurate but destroys the model.

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History Matching

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History matching: Data to match

Determine the accuracy and frequency of measurements
Which kind of separator (Gas-Liquid, 3 phase separator)
How is measured WOR, GOR if no 3 phase separator?
Frequency of measurements (weekly, monthly?)
Activity factor (% of activity of the wells)
Allocation of rates to perforated interval
Completion and well status (casing, cement) to be known
Production logging is the best tool to allocate rate
If no production logging, estimate the accuracy of allocation to intervals
When possible, draw the maps of injected fluid breakthrough for each Interval
Shut-in pressures of wells
look at pressure curves to estimate the pressure in the cell
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History matching: Data to match

RFT in wells drilled after the start of production
Differential depletion by interval
Communication through faults
Observation wells
Shut-in wells should be changed to observation wells
WHP of wells not usually used
Flow in tubing difficult to match exactly, interference with surface flow lines

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History matching strategy

First Phase: pressure match
Look at total fluid production and average pressure (kind of material balance):
Of the whole field
Of parts of the field (compartments, or zones determined from the geological analysis,
layers)
Change first the more uncertain parameters by zone
Aquifer transmissibility (kh) , storativity (kh ct),
Reservoir permeability
o Multiplying factor to reproduce pressure gradients
o Vertical connections to account for pressure discrepancies between layers
(RFT useful)
o Connections through faults to account for different pressure regimes
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Pressure match : Material balance

Objective
Get a correct evolution with time of the average reservoir pressure
Main parameters
Volumes Originally in Place
Aquifer size & water influx
Pore & Fluid Compressibility
Important notice
The material balance should address the whole reservoir voidage (no material balance per
fluid in surface conditions)
It is useful to get an energy balance to have an estimation of the importance of each
individual production mechanisms (pore volume contraction, fluid expansion, water sweep,
gas sweep )

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Pressure match : Material balance

Reservoir voidage calculation:

Q res = Qo . Bo (P) + {Qg - Rs (P) . Qo (P)}. Bg (P) + Qw . Bw (P)
Important notice
Reservoir voidage has to be calculated and is depending on the reservoir pressure.
ECLIPSE keyword for reservoir voidage is RESV.

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Pressure match : Darcy law

Objective
Get a correct geometry of the flow lines and pressure drop along flow lines
Main parameters
o One phase flow
Transmissivity distribution
o Multi phase flow
Transmissivity distribution
Transfer functions (relative permeability & capillary pressure).

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Pressure match : Diffusivity equation

Objective
Get a correct evolution of reservoir pressure versus time and space.
Diffusivity equation:

Main parameters:

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Numerical production indices

PEACEMAN formula

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History matching strategy

Second step: Fluid distribution matching
By zones (compartments, or zones determined from the geological analysis, layers)
look at contacts movements, WOR and GOR of wells. Try to match fluid BT (breakthrough), fluid produced volumes.
Adjust first the permeability distribution

Vertical distribution by layer and connection between layers (vertical permeability)

Areal distribution of permeability (barriers, high permeability zones, sealing or
conductive faults)
change Kr only if changes in permeability distribution cannot achieve a satisfactory
match
First check if initial water saturation is correctly represented

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History matching strategy

Final step: well by well match

Once the global and zonal matches are correct, look at each well
Check if the cell size is not the cause of an incorrect match
Check if coning can be suspected and is not taken into account
By specific well Kr functions
Check if the discrepancy does not reveal a completion problem(cement or casing
leak, fluid entry from another interval)
Corrections should remain in the vicinity of the well

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FIRST STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 1

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FIRST STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 1

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FINAL STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 3

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History matching : Some advices

Flow directions are not correct if pressure is not matched
Dont try to match saturations if you are not matched in pressure
Early well behaviour correspond to area close to the wells
Concentrate on well data to match early production times
Late well behaviour correspond to area far from the wells
Dont limit your analysis close to the wells to match late production times
Modification of matching parameters
Try to anticipate model reactions by using simple calculations
Dont introduce new parameters without a look back to G&G

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History matching : Some advices

Flow directions are not correct if pressure is not matched
Dont try to match saturations if you are not matched in pressure
Early well behaviour correspond to area close to the wells
Concentrate on well data to match early production times
Late well behaviour correspond to area far from the wells
Dont limit your analysis close to the wells to match late production times
Modification of matching parameters
Try to anticipate model reactions by using simple calculations
Dont introduce new parameters without a look back to G&G

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NUMERICAL SIMULATOR (ECLIPSE)

ECLIPSE 100 is a three phases, three dimensional, general purpose black oil

simulator with gas condensate option.

Program is written in FORTRAN77 and operate on any computer with an

ANSI-standard FORTRAN77 compiler and with sufficient memory.

ECLIPSE 100 can be used to simulate 1, 2 or 3 phase systems. Two phase

options (oil/water, oil/gas, gas/water) are solved as two component systems

saving both computer storage and computer time. In addition to gas
dissolving in oil (variable bubble point pressure or gas/oil ratio), ECLIPSE
100 may also be used to model oil vaporizing in gas (variable dew point
pressure or oil/gas ratio).
Both corner-point and conventional block-center geometry options are

available in ECLIPSE. Radial and Cartesian block-center options are

available in 1, 2 or 3 dimensions. A 3D radial option completes the circle
allowing flow to take place across the 0/360 degree interface.
New Names for the ECLIPSE Simulators:
ECLIPSE 100 = ECLIPSE Black Oil
ECLIPSE 300 = ECLIPSE Compositional
ECLIPSE 500 = ECLIPSE Thermal
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How to start?
To run simulation you need an input file with all data concerning reservoir and
process of its exploitation. Input data for ECLIPSE is prepared in free format
using a keyword system. Any standard editor may be used to prepare the input
file. Alternatively ECLIPSE Office may be used to prepare data interactively
through panels, and submit runs.
The name of input file has to be in the following format: FILENAME.DATA
Input data file
An ECLIPSE data input file is split into sections, each of which is introduced by a
section-header keyword. A list of all section-header keywords is given in
following, together with a brief description of the contents of each section and
examples of keywords using in file code.
Note that all keywords in input file have to be in proper order
The keywords in the input data file (including section-header keywords) are each
of up to 8 characters in length and must start in column 1. All characters up to
column 8 are significant. Any characters on the same line as a keyword from
column 9 onwards will be treated as a comment
.
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ECLIPSE files and file extensions

User defined data
General data set:
General data set:
Include:

~ . Data
~ . GRDECL
~ . INC

Error / warnings + Text outputs

Text file:
Results

~ . PRT

Geometry:
INITIAL state:
1 D results:
2 D / 3 D results:

~ . EGRID / ~ . GRID
~ . INIT
~ . SUMMARY
~ . RESTART

Use Windows NOTEPAD and NOT Word to edit files.

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ECLIPSE DATA FILE - GENERAL INPUT RULES

SECTION KEYWORDS

The input data file for ECLIPSE

consists of 8 sections, in the order
shown
Each section must begin with the
section keyword before specifying any
data or keywords for that section.
All section keywords must start in
column 1.

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ECLIPSE DATA FILE - GENERAL INPUT RULES

TABLES
Multiple tables are specified using only one keyword.
Each table is ended with a slash.
ECLIPSE will perform interpolation in a table if a 1* is
specified.

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ECLIPSE DATA FILE - Format

132
character
limit

Comments
denoted by
--

Any unset
items after
terminating
slash are
defaulted

Defaults are
taken for the
next four
items
Keywords
start in the
first column

Comments can
be placed after
terminating
slash
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Section header keywords

The list of section-header keywords in proper order

RUNSPEC
GRID
EDIT
PROPS
REGIONS
SOLUTION
SUMMARY
SCHEDULE

A data record has to be ended with a slash [/]

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How ECLIPSE Sections Relate to the Equation

Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry
and
Properties

Fluid
Properties

Well
Production

GRID

PROPS

SCHEDULE

EDIT

REGIONS
SOLUTION

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Section header keywords

RUNSPEC
Title, problem dimensions, switches, phases present, components etc.
GRID
The GRID section determines the basic geometry of the simulation grid and
various rock properties (porosity, absolute permeability, net-to-gross ratios) in
each grid cell. From this information, the program calculates the grid block pore
volumes, mid-point depths and inter-block transmissibilities.

EDIT
Modifications to calculated pore volumes, grid block centre depths and
transmissibilities.

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Section header keywords

SUMMARY
Specification of data to be written to the Summary file after each time step.
Necessary if certain types of graphical output (for example water-cut as a function
of time) are to be generated after the run has finished. If this section is omitted no
Summary files are created.
SCHEDULE
Specifies the operations to be simulated (production and injection controls and
constraints) and the times at which output reports are required. Vertical flow
performance curves and simulator tuning parameters may also be specified in the
SCHEDULE section.

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RUNSPEC section
TITLE
DIMENS

title
number of blocks in X,Y,Z directions

OIL, WATER, GAS, VAPOIL, DISGAS

FIELD/METRIC/LAB
WELLDIMS

unit convention

well and group dimensions

UNIFIN

indicates that input files are unified

UNIFOUT

indicates that output files are unified

START

start date of the simulation

NOSIM

data checking only, with no simulation

NB: ECLIPSE automatically creates the RUNSPEC

section for cases built in Petrel.

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GRID section

TOPS

DX, DY, DZ

PERMX,
PERMY,
PERMZ

PORO

Depths of top faces of grid blocks

for the current box; data is taken
from Structure map, and
geological model from IRAP
X,Y,Z-direction grid block sizes for
the current box; data is taken from
Isopac map, and geological model

X,Y,Z-direction permeabilities
for the current box; data is
taken from Isopac map, and
geological model from IRAP
Grid block porosities for the current
box; data is taken from Isopac
map, and geological model from
IRAP

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Minimum GRID Section

Required properties for each cell in the model:
o Geometry:
Cell dimensions
Cell depths.
o Properties:
Porosity
Permeability
Net-to-gross or net thickness.
If net thickness is not included, ECLIPSE assumes it is 1.

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Block-Centered vs. Corner Point: Geometry

Eclipse Keyword

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Define Corner Point Grid

COORD
--4 coordinate lines
--xtop ytop ztop

xbot ybot zbot

7000

7100 -- line 1

500

7000

500

7100 -- line 2

500

7000

500

7100 -- line 3

500

500

7000

500

500

7100 -- line 4

/
ZCORN
--depths of 16 corners
7000 7000 7000 7000 -- 4 corners on face A
7050 7050 7050 7050 -- 4 corners on face B
7050 7050 7050 7050 -- 4 corners on face C
7100 7100 7100 7100 -- 4 corners on face D
/

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Define Corner Point Grid

One property per cell (NX * NY * NZ):
Values must also be defined for inactive cells.
Explicit values only.
ECLIPSE has no facilities for entering data as a function.
Petrel, FloGrid, Office, and FloViz have property calculators:
Define the property with the pre-processor.
Export the property as a text file (*.grdecl).
Use the INCLUDE keyword.
If the case is built in Petrel, drop the property in the Define Simulation
Case process.

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Input Examples (1)

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Input Examples (2)

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Cell Property Definition Using Petrel

Properties are assigned to each cell during upscaling and

exporting to a file.
The INCLUDE keyword is used to load the properties from
Petrel.
If the case is built in Petrel, drop the property in the Define
Simulation Case process.
INCLUDE
BRILLIG_props.GRDECL /

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Introducing a Cartesian LGR

CARFIN
--Name

1.
2.
3.
4.

I1
2

I2
4

J1
2

J2
7

K1
1

LGR1
Choose global cells to refine.
Decide on LGR size.
Insert CARFIN.
Update LGR in RUNSPEC.

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K2
1

NX
6

NY
18

NZ

Wells
1
/

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LGR Property Modification

Local cells automatically inherit properties from global host
cells.
Can be overridden using most GRID section keywords.
Must be placed after specification keyword (CARFIN) and
before ENDFIN or subsequent specification keyword.
CARFIN
NameI1I2J1J2K1K2NXNYNZWells
LGR124271161811/
EQUALS
PORO0.18/
PERMX150/
/
ENDFIN
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Non-Neighbor Connections (NNCs)

An NNC allows flow between cells without adjacent IJK indices.

Pinchouts and unconformities (PINCH and/or MINPV)

Faults
Aquifers often require NNCs
Local grid refinement (LGRs)
User-defined NNCs.

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Non-Neighbor Connections (NNCs)

LGR

Fault Throw

Global cell (1,2,1) has NNCs to

LGR cells (1,1,1), (1,2,1), and
(1,3,1). ECLIPSE calculates.

(4,2,1) has NNCs to (3,2,3) and

(3,2,4). ECLIPSE calculates in
Corner Point grids (default
transmissibility NEWTRAN).

Unconformity
(12,2,5) has NNC to
(12,2,7). PINCH or MINPV
must be used.
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Transmissibility Options in ECLIPSE:NEWTRAN

Based on the mutual interface area of the two cells
A dip correction is automatically accounted for (using the vector
distance from the cell center to the cell face center).
Default for corner point grids

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Transmissibility Modifications

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Transmissibility Modifications

For a report in the PRT file, use

RPTGRID (requests report of many GRID section keywords,
including ALLNNC)
For 3D viewable output, use
Geometric data (*.egrid),
GRIDFILE
0 1/
Static properties (*.init), INIT.

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EDIT Section

Cell geometry, pore volume, and transmissibility are calculated

in the GRID section.
These properties are modified in the EDIT section.
EDIT is optional.

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EDIT Section

Some GRID section output can be modified in EDIT section:

DEPTH, PORV, and TRAN (X, Y, R, THT, Z)

Operators:
MULTIPLY, BOX, EQUALS, COPY, MINVALUE, and MAXVALUE

Others:
EDITNNC, MULTPV, and MULTFLT
MULT (X, Y, R, THT, Z, etc.) are allowed but not recommended.

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PROPS Section

The PROPS section contains pressure-dependent and

saturation-dependent properties of the reservoir fluids and
rocks.
Fluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):
Fluid PVT as a function of pressure
Density or gravity
Rock information required:
Relative permeabilities as a function of saturation
Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
Rock compressibility as a function of pressure.
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water relative permeability and

capillary pressure as functions of Swv

SOF3

oil relative permeability as a function

of So in three phase system

SGFN

gas relative permeability and capillary

pressure as functions of Sg

PVTO

FVF and viscosity of live oil as

functions of pressure and Rs

PVTG

FVF and viscosity of wet gas as

functions of pressure and Rv

PVTW

FVF, compressibility and viscosity of

water

DENSITY
ROCK

reservoir fluid
properties from
PVT analysis

SWFN

saturation tables
from special
core analysis

PROPS section

stock tank fluid densities

rock compressibility

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Dead Oil Entry Data Using PVDO and PVCDO

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Live Oil Data Entry Using PVTO

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Wet Gas Data Entry Using PVTG

PVTG
--Pg
60
120
180
240
300
360
560
/

Rv
0.00014
0.00012
0.00015
0.00019
0.00029
0.00049
0.00060

Bg
0.05230
0.01320
0.00877
0.00554
0.00417
0.00357
0.00356

Mu
0.0234
0.0252
0.0281
0.0318
0.0355
0.0392
0.0393

/
/
/
/
/
/
/

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Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVDG

PVDG
--P
1214
1414
1614
1814
2214
2614
3014

Bg
13.947
7.028
4.657
3.453
2.240
1.638
1.282

Mu
0.0124
0.0125
0.0128
0.0130
0.0139
0.0148
0.0161

RVCONST
--Rv
0.0047

Pd
1214

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Reference Densities

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EXTRAPMS

This keyword instructs ECLIPSE to warn you whenever

extrapolations are made to PVT (or VFP) tables.
ECLIPSE stores PVT tables internally as the reciprocals of
FVF and Viscosity * FVF.
If insufficient PVT data is supplied, ECLIPSE may extrapolate
the PVT table data to inaccurate or non-physical values!

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Using Multiple PVT Regions

Necessary keywords:
In RUNSPEC, check TABDIMS
and EQLDIMS.
In PROPS, include multiple
tables (some may be
defaulted).
In REGIONS, include PVTNUM
and EQLNUM.

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ROCK Keyword

Required because the pore volume varies under pressure

Simplest approach:
ROCK keyword
Rock compressibility is reversible and the same
everywhere.

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Make fluid model using PETREL

1. Process panel.
2. Simulation
3. Make fluid model
4. Define Compositional Reservoir Fluid (Oil, Gas, water)
5. Build Fluid Model from Different Correlations

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Purpose of Saturation Functions

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Significant Saturation Endpoints 1

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Significant Saturation Endpoints 2

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Saturation Function Keyword Family 1

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Saturation Function Keyword Family 2

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Saturation Function using PETREL

1. Process panel.
2. Simulation
3. Make rock physics functions
4. Create relative permeabilities from Corey correlation
5. Create a Rock Compaction Function
6. Create Rock Compressibility

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Saturation Function Keyword Family 2

RPTPROPS
Controls output from PROPS section to the PRT file INIT
Saturation functions and PVT data are written to the INIT file.
Can be displayed in 2D and 3D (Petrel, Office, FloViz, FloGrid)
FILLEPS
All saturation end points written to the INIT file

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REGIONS section
FIPNUM

fluid-in-place regions

SATNUM

saturation table regions

EQLNUM

equilibration regions

PVTNUM

PVT data regions

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Use: Reporting Purposes

FIPNUM (fluid in place regions)

are defined in the REGIONS
section.
In the SOLUTIONS section:
RPTSOL
FIP=2 /

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The PRT file now shows the

fluids in place both originally
and at each report step.

159

Output Controls

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SOLUTION Section

The objective is to set up:

Initial pressures
Initial saturations
The SOLUTION section contains the information needed to initialize
the model. ECLIPSE will then define:
Initial pressures and phase saturation in each grid cell
Variation of reservoir fluid properties with depth
Initial ANALYTICAL AQUIFER conditions
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SOLUTION section

EQUIL

RESTART

RPTSOL

fluid contact depths and other

equilibration parameters;
data taken from well testing

name of the restart file

report switches for SOLUTION data

162
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ECLIPSE Initialization Options

Equilibration:
ECLIPSE computes initial pressures and saturations using data
entered with the EQUIL keyword.
Restart:
ECLIPSE reads the initial solution from a restart file created by an
earlier run of ECLIPSE.

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EQUIL
Sets the contacts and pressures for conventional hydrostatic
equilibrium.
EQUIL items are interpreted differently, depending on the
phases present.
May have more than one equilibration region (see EQLDIMS).

EQUIL
--

7000

OWC

4000 7150

Pcow

GOC

Pcog

1*

1*

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RSVD/PBVD

RVVD/PDVD

1*

1*

N
0

164

Block-Centered Equilibrium (1)

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Block-Centered Equilibrium (2)

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Block-Centered Equilibrium (3)

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Matching Initial Water Saturation

You often have initial water saturation distribution BUT need
EQUIL for pressure, other phase saturations, and more.
1. Input saturation tables as usual, with non-zero Pcow.
2. Enter initial water saturation array using SWATINIT in PROPS
section.
3. Enter EQUIL keyword as usual.
ECLIPSE scales Pcow to match initial water saturation given in
SWATINIT.
Check that scaled Pcow is physically reasonable (INIT file).
PPCWMAX limits maximum capillary pressure scaling.
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Initial conditions using PETREL

1.
2.
3.
4.

Process panel.
Simulation
Make fluid model
Initial conditions

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Restart Runs

(Initialization Run)

Field Production Rate

The solution at the end of

the initialization is set as
start conditions for the
history match.
Why bother to recalculate
initial saturations and
pressures?
Restarts save simulation
time!

Cell
saturations
and
pressures
recorded

(Restart Run)

Time

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Aquifer Modeling

ECLIPSE Blackoil includes these aquifer options:

Numerical aquifer
Analytical aquifer
Carter-Tracy aquifer
Fetkovich aquifer
Flux aquifer
Grid cell aquifer.

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Numerical Aquifer
Nominate grid cells below the OW contact (AQUNUM).
Attach the aquifer to the reservoir using AQUCON.
Leave a row of water cells between the aquifer and the oil
zone.

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Numerical Aquifer
Fetkovich aquifers are based on a pseudo-steady state
productivity index and the material balance between aquifer
pressure and cumulative influx.
These are best suited for smaller aquifers which may approach
psuedo-steady state quickly.
In the SOLUTION section:
1. Set up lists of aquifers with AQUALIST.
2. Define the aquifer with AQUFETP.
3. Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON.
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Carter-Tracy Aquifers
Carter-Tracy aquifers use tables of dimensionless time td
versus dimensionless pressure Pd(td) to determine the influx.
Carter-Tracy approximates a fully transient model.
In the SOLUTION section:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Set up lists of aquifers with AQUALIST.

Define the aquifer with AQUCT.
Define pressure response with AQUTAB.
Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON.

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Flux Aquifers
The user directly specifies the flux rate:

Qai Fa Ai mi

Fa = the flux
Ai = the area of the connecting cell block
mi = an aquifer influx multiplier

It can be negative, representing flux out of the reservoir.

The flux rate can be modified in the SCHEDULE section.
In the SOLUTION section:
1. Set up lists of aquifers with AQUALIST.
2. Specify the aquifer with AQUFLUX.
3. Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON.

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Grid Cell Aquifer

Simulation model extends over the water zone.
No extra keywords are necessary.

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Aquifer modeling: PETREL

Define Aquifer area (polygon)
Define Aquifer Type (Numerical, Carter tracy,
Fetkovich)
Describe Aquifer Properties

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SUMMARY section
FOPT

Field Oil Production Total

FOPR

Field Oil Production Rate

FGOR

Field Gas-Oil Ratio

FWIR

Field Water Injection Rate

FOE

Field Oil Efficiency

FPR

Field PRessure

WBHP

Well Bottom Hole Pressure

FWCT

Field Water CuT

WOPR

Well Oil Production Rate

178
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SUMMARY section

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SCHEDULE section
RPTSCHED
TUNING
WELSPECS

COMDAT
WCONPRO
D
WCONINJE
WCONHIST
TSTEP or
DATE

report switches to select which

simulation results are to be printed
at report
times
time step
and convergence
controls
introduces a new well, defining its
name, the position of the wellhead, its
bottom hole reference depth and other
specification data
specifies the position and properties
of one or more well completions; this
must be entered after the WELSPECS
control data for production wells
control data for injection wells
observed rates for history matching wells
advances simulator to new report
time(s) or specified report date(s)
180
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SCHEDULE section
The SCHEDULE section is used to specify:
Well operations to be simulated
Times (TSTEP and DATES) to be simulated
Simulator tuning parameters.
The SCHEDULE section often is used in two modes:
History matching: Specify actual wells, facilities, and
production/injection.
Prediction: Specify control mechanisms, new wells, and

economic limits.

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History Matching vs. Prediction

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History Matching vs. Prediction

1. Specify output.
2. Specify wells, VFP tables, completions, and rates.
3. Advance the simulation:
Specify old well rates.
Specify any workovers.
Specify any new wells.
4. Repeat.(Step 3)
DATA File
5. End of history match.

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VFP Curve Specification

The VFP table is a table of BHP versus FLO, THP, WFR, GFR, and
ALQ.
FLO is the oil, liquid, or gas production rate.
WFR is the water-oil ratio, water cut, or water-gas ratio.
GFR is the gas-oil ratio, gas-liquid ratio, or oil-gas ratio.
ALQ is a variable that can be used to incorporate an
additional parameter, such as the level of artificial lift.
Petrel can be used to create and analyze VFP tables using the
PIPESIM engine and the VFP manager.
VFPi is the ECLIPSE family preprocessor that can be used to
generate this keyword.

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VFP Table Usage

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Well Specification: WELSPECS

Introduces new well and specifies some of its general data.

Compulsory keyword: A well must be introduced with this
keyword before it can be referenced in any other keyword.

WELSPECS
--nm grp I J refD
P1 G
2 2 1*
P21 G
8 1 1*
I20 G 20 1 1*
/

phase
OIL
OIL
WAT

drad
-1 /
-1 /
-1 /

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Well Specification: WELSPECS

Pw

ECLIPSE
Model

A significant part of history

matching is adjusting well
parameters to achieve the
correct inflow performance.

rd
Physical
Model

Productivity index (PI) and

well drawdown depend upon
grid block size in ECLIPSE.

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P*
average
reservoir
pressure

Pw, well BHP

rd, re drainage
radii

re
Pc, cell
pressur
e

187

Measure of Pressure

Appropriate drawdown behavior is achieved by adjusting the

productivity index.
Request WBP and WBP9 in the SUMMARY section.
Use the approximation:
WBP 9 WBHP H
WPIMULT
WBP WBHP H

WBP
9

WBP
9
WBP

Where:
WBHP = bottomhole pressure from well test
H = hydrostatic correction (midperfs to ECLIPSE
datum)

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WBP
9

WBP
9

188

Completion Specification: COMPDAT

Specifies the position and properties of one or more well

completions.
COMPDAT
--nm I
P1

J Ku

Kl status sat CF

Dwell Kh S

2* 1 10 OPEN

1*

1* 0.583

P21 2* 1 10 SHUT

1*

1* 0.583

I20 2* 1

1*

1* 0.583

5 AUTO
/

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Historical Flow Rate: WCONHIST

Used to set a history-matching wells observed flow rate.

Control modes: ORAT, WRAT, GRAT, LRAT, and RESV
WCONINJH is the injection counterpart.

DATES
1 'FEB' 1970 /
/
WCONHIST
--nm stat ctl-by
P1

OPEN

ORAT

oil

wat

822.3

0.58

gas

VFPtbl

6122.5

5* /

Repeated for each date

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Simulation Advance and Termination

DATES
1 JAN
1 JUN

TSTEP
1
/

Advance to 12.00 am on 2/6/2012

TSTEP
0.2
/

Advance by 0.2 days

END

2012
2012

/
/

Advance to 12.00 am on 1/1/2012

Advance to 12.00 am on 1/6/2012

-- Conclude simulation

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Common Workover Keywords

WELOPEN
Open and shut wells at a known time
COMPDAT
Alter completion properties to simulate plugs, squeezes,
and frac jobs
WELPI and WPIMULT
Modify well PI

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History Strategy in Petrel

Import
Well paths (deviation
surveys)
Well completion data
o Completion intervals
o Workover events
o Production/injection
data.
Create history strategy.
Export case:
ECLIPSE SCHEDULE section keywords

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Predictions

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Predictions

1.
2.
3.
4.

Specify/change output frequency.

Specify wells, VFP tables, and completions.
Specify groups.
Specify group and well:
Economic limits and well tests
Choose keywords that will
cause ECLIPSE to treat
Automatic workovers, drilling, etc.
wells according to the
5. Advance the simulation.
company operating the
field.
6. End of prediction.

DATA File

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Production Forecasts

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Well Controls

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Well Controls: ECLIPSE keywords

DATA File

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Primary and Secondary Well Controls

Primary controls
Target rate of a principal phase; or
Fixed pressure(either bottom-hole or tubing-head)
Secondary constraints
maximum rates of one or more phases
maximum ratios (GOR, WCT, WGR)
limiting pressures
limiting P
Eclipse will operate the well under the primary control unless one of the secondary
constraints is violated
Controls may be re-set at any time during the simulation

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Production Well Controls Example 1

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Production Well Controls Example 2

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Production Well Controls Example 3

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Production Well Controls Example 4

WCONPROD
--nm status ctl-by Oil

P1 OPEN

W-G-Limit BHP THP VFP#

ORAT 4000 2000 3* 3000 2* /

P1 is under oil
rate control.
P1 is moved to
BHP control.

Water cut is
rising and
BHP is
dropping.

The waterflood has

reached P1 but is not
providing enough
pressure support.

BHP rises due to

pressure support
from the aquifer
and injector.

P1 is switched to
control by water
rate.

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Other Well Control Keywords -WELTARG

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204

Group Production Control

Group control is used to mimic field operation.
Examples:
Platform A has a certain water-handling capacity
(GCONPROD).
Facility B uses 25% of its gas production to run a treater and
sells the remaining gas (GCONSUMP).
A voidage replacement scheme is implemented in Block C
(GCONINJE).
To maintain pipeline capacity, Company D drills wells
whenever the field production falls below a rate (PRIORITY).

DATA File
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205

RESTART

Why bother to recalculate

past saturations and
pressures?

Cell Saturations and

Pressures Recorded

Field Production Rate

The solution at the end of

the history period is set as
start conditions for the
prediction runs.

Restarts save simulation

time!

History Period

(Base Run)

Pre

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y
Da
t
n
se

Prediction Period

(Restart Run)

Time

206

Convergence problems

Data errors:
Special characters and
missing values.
Grid geometry:
Small PV cells next to large
PV cells.
LGRs:
LGR smaller than drainage
radius.
Initial contacts outside LGR.
Dual porosity: High value of
sigma.
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Plot and
Fix!

Inactivate with PINCH or

MINPV!
207

Report

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Petrel Interface

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Explorer Panes

Contain all
Fault models
and 3D grids

Contains all
imported data
and all subjects
that
are not a part
of the 3D grid

Bold item
Click on an object
name to activate it

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Explorer Panes

Anew case is
added
each time a
simulation
or volume case
is defined

Used to select
lines to show in
the function
window.
Used to display
3D properties in
3D window.

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Only one
process can
be active at
the time

211

Display Tools

target zoom

Move

View all displayed data

View from specific position

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Select/Pick mode- allows for

selecting objects and getting
information bout them in the status
bar

212