MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

Communications
Presented by : Mahmoud Elshamy
Supervised by : Dr.Amira & Dr.Waleed

SISO Single Input Single Output

Theoretically, the 1Gbps barrier can be achieved using this configuration if you are allowed to
use much power and as much BW as you so please.
Extensive research has been done on SISO under power and BW constraints. A combination
a smart modulation, coding and multiplexing techniques have yielded good results but far
from the 1Gbps barrier.

x1

y1 = h1x1
fading h1
channel

transmit

receive

MIMO Antenna Configuration

Use multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas for a
single user
1

User data stream

2
.

h11
h12
channel

User data stream

. .

. .
MT

. .
MR

MIMO Features

A MIMO system has 3 basic features:

Beam-forming.
Diversity.
Spatial multiplexing.

Research in MIMO
Increasing the capacity of MIMO systems.
Developing systems that can operate close to the capacity.

Primary applications
4-th generation wireless and High capacity LANs .
3GPP release 7 and 8 (LTE).

MIMO Design Criterion

MIMO Systems can provide two types of gain :

Diversity Gain

Spatial Multiplexing
Gain

Minimize Pe

Maximize Data Rate

Beamforming

Beamforming takes advantage of interference to change the directionality of

the array.

Beamforming controls the phase and relative amplitude of the signal at TX.

At the Rx side, information from different sensors are combined to a

preferentially observed radiation pattern.

Beamforming provides diversity gain by coherent combining of the multiple

signal paths.

Diversity

Each pair of transmit-receive antennas provides a signal path from

transmitter to receiver. By sending the SAME information through
different paths, multiple independently-faded replicas of the data
symbol can be obtained at the receiver end. Hence, more reliable
reception is achieved.

A diversity gain d implies that in the high SNR region, my Pe decays

at a rate of 1/SNRd as opposed to 1/SNR for a SISO system.

Spatial Multiplexing
In spatial multiplexing, a high-rate
signal is split into multiple lower-rate
streams and each stream is transmitted
from a different transmit antenna in the
same frequency channel.
If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently
different spatial signatures and the receiver has accurate channel state
information (CSI), it can separate these streams into almost parallel
channels.
Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel
capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).

Multipath Fading

Each entry in the Channel matrix is actually a sum of different multipaths which interfere with one another to form the fading coefficient.
There should be a significant number of multipaths for each of the
coefficients
The energy should be equally spread out
If there are very few or no paths in some of the directions, then H
will be correlated
The antennas should be properly spaced otherwise H will be
correlated

MIMO-OFDM

OFDM extends directly to MIMO channels with the IFFT/FFT being

performed at each of the transmit and receive antennas. MIMOOFDM decouples the frequency-selective MIMO channel into a set
of parallel MIMO channels with the inputoutput relation.
yi = Hisi + ni
i = 0, 2,, L-1

Summary
MIMO Systems are getting us closer to the 1Gbps
landmark.
At the same time, they provide reliable communications.
Different architectures available for use.
Developing efficient network protocols for a MIMO PHY
layer is an area of open research.

Thank You For

listening
ANY QUESTIONS ??