Organic Molecules

Mrs. J. Khanijou
Mahidol University International
Demonstration School (MUIDS)
1

Do you remember what is special about

these six elements from the last chapter?

CHNOPS
These elements are basic to life and
make up about 95% of organisms
body weightRemember?
2

Chapter Focus!

Inorganic versus Organic

Molecules

3.1 Organic Molecules

Organic molecules contain carbon and
hydrogen atoms.

Four classes of organic molecules (biomolecules) exist in

living organisms:

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
5

Carbon
All life on Earth is carbon-based
Carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules
that make up living things
Forms the structure of all living things

Carbon based molecules carry out most

processes required for life

The Carbon Atom

Carbon has 4 e- in its outer shell
Therefore carbon will form 4
covalent bonds
This gives carbon containing
compounds structural support

Varieties of
organic molecules
because of the
many different
ways hydrogen
and carbon can
bond together.

The Molecules of Life

Given the rich complexity of life on Earth, we might
expect organisms to have an enormous diversity of
molecules.
Remarkably, the critically important
large molecules of all living things fall
into just four main classes:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
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Biomolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called
biomolecules.
Usually consist of many repeating units
Each repeating unit is called a monomer.
A molecule composed of monomers is called a polymer
(many parts).
Example: amino acids (monomer) are joined together
to form a protein (polymer)

10

Real Examples

Monomers
joined to
form
polymers
11

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are giant molecules

The prefix macro means giant.
Macromolecules are found in living cells and are made up of
thousands of smaller molecules called polymers
2 or more polymers that bond together form macromolecules

Monomer + monomer + monomer polymer

Polymer + polymer macromolecule

12

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Our body cannot use the large organic molecules as it is

(form of food). When we eat, our body break the large
organic molecules into small organic molecules. Then, our
body uses those small organic molecules to build large
organic molecules that they can use for the body.
The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer

Synthesis and Degradation

A dehydration reaction is a chemical
reaction in which subunits are joined
together by the formation of a covalent
bond and water is produced during the
reaction.
Used to connect monomers together to make
polymers
Example: formation of starch (polymer) from
glucose subunits (monomer)

14

 A hydrolysis reaction is a chemical reaction

in which a water molecule is added to break a
covalent bond.
Used to breakdown polymers into monomers
Example: digestion of starch into glucose
monomers

15

http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=QltPTqE
hSaQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMTeqZLXBSo16

Questions from the

Worksheet

What is macromolecules? How can our body build large number of

macromolecules?
What are monomers and polymers? How did their prefix help explain
their meaning?
What is dehydration and hydrolysis reaction and how are they related to
monomers and polymers?
What happens during a dehydration reaction? What is released? Why?
Give one example from the reading of a type of monomers that builds
some polymer through dehydration reaction.
What kind of bond are involved in dehydration and hydrolysis?
How and why does our body break food down into smaller components?
What happens during a hydrolysis reaction? What is added? Why?
Explain how hydrolysis happens when you eat some food.
Is dehydration reaction and hydrolysis the opposite reactions of each
other? Why?

17

Warmer before we start!

Molecules gone wild!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4dbkAGcQ8mM

18

Check your Progress

1. What is dehydration synthesis? What is
the role of water and why?
2. What is hydrolysis? What is the role of
water and why?
3. Why does our body need to do both of
them?

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Carbohydratesas you
know it!

20

3.2 Carbohydrates

Functions:
Energy source
Provide building material (structural role)
Chemical Composition: C, H, O
Varieties: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides

Monosaccharides
A monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule.
Also called simple sugars
Source for immediate energy
Examples:
Glucose, fructose (fruit), and galactose

Function of glucose: important to biological functions

Major cellular fuel for living things
Broken down and converted to energy in cellular
respiration in organisms

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23

Disaccharides
A disaccharide contains
two monosaccharides joined
together by dehydration
synthesis.
Examples:
Sucrose (table sugar) is
composed of glucose and fructose.
Lactose (milk sugar) is composed
of galactose and glucose.
Maltose is composed of two
glucose molecules.

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25

26

Polysaccharides
A polysaccharide is a polymer of monosaccharides
Combine to form macromolecules of sugar
Long Chains of many sugar molecules
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides bonded
together

 Examples: Energy storage

Starch provides energy storage in plants.
Glycogen provides energy storage in animals
Stored in liver cell that are controlled by hormones

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Example: Structural
Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants (wood)
Most abundant carbohydrate; cannot be digested by humans

Chitin is found in fungi and exoskeleton of some

animals.
Cannot be digested by animals but important uses in
medicine, cosmetics, and various foods

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30

Is this dehydration reaction or hydrolysis

reaction? Why? How can you tell?

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Carbohydrates: Questions to
Answer!

Identify the elemental composition of carbohydrates?

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?
What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?
What are 3 examples of monosaccharides? (names of molecules)
What are short chains of two monomers of carbohydrates called?
What are 2 examples of disaccharides? (names of molecules)
What monosaccharides make up these disaccharides?
What are short chains of 3 - 20 monosaccharides called?
What are the polymers of carbohydrates called?
What are some examples of polysaccharides?
What polysaccharide provides energy for animals? plants?
What polysaccharide provides structural support for animals?
plants?

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Lipidsas we know it

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Lipids
Lipids are varied in structure.
Chemical composition: C, H, O very few or no oxygen
Lipids are insoluble which means dont dissolve in water.
Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

Varieties: fats & oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Functions:

Long-term energy storage

Structural components
Cell communication
Protection

1. Triglycerides: Long-Term Energy

Storage
Also called fats and
oils
Consist of one
glycerol molecule
linked to three fatty
acids by dehydration
synthesis
Functions: long-term
energy storage
1 gram of fat stores
as much energy as 1
gram of
polysaccharides

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

H
H

O
OH

OH

HO

C OH
H

glycerol

a. Formation of a fat

HO

O
H

HO

3 H2O

H
in

3 fatty acids

H
C
H

H
C

C O

H C

3 H2O

H C
H

in
3 water
molecules

H
C

H
C

fat molecule

Tri-glycerides

Triglycerides store
unused calories and
provide your body
with energy

37

Triglycerides: Long-Term Energy Storage

Fatty acids are either unsaturated or
saturated.
Unsaturated - one or more double bonds between
carbons
Tend to be liquid at room temperature; bent structure
at double bond
Example: plant oils
Saturated - no double bonds between carbons
Tend to be solid at room temperature; straight chain
structure
Examples: butter, lard

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An unsaturated fat (triglyceride) has at least one unsaturated fatty acid

A saturated fat (triglyceride) has no unsaturated fatty acid at all.

Which one is saturated triglyceride (fats)?

Which one is unsaturated triglyceride (fats)?
saturated

unsaturated

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Check for Understanding!

1. What are the monomers of triglycerides?
2. Why does our body need to do dehydration
synthesis and hydrolysis of triglycerides?
3. Name two similarities and two differences between
saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
4. Which type of fatty acids are good for you?
5. How do we know if the triglyceride or fats will be
saturated or unsaturated fats?
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Are these fatty acid or fat?

Saturated or unsaturated?
1.

2.

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2. Phospholipids: Membrane
Components

Structure is similar to triglycerides

Consist of one glycerol molecule linked to two

fatty acids and a phosphate group
The fatty acids are nonpolar and
hydrophobic.
The phosphate group is polar and
hydrophilic.

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Phospholipids Form
Membranes
glycerol
O

Polar
Head

CH2

CH2

R O P O CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH
CH2 CH2
2 CH2 CH3
CH
2
C

fatty acids

O
C CH2 CH
2 CH2 CH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH
2

Nonpolar Tails

phosphate

CH

CH

CH

CH

a. Phospholipid structure

CH

CH

CH

CH

b.. Plasma membrane of a cell

outside cell

inside cell

44

Phospholipid: Function
Function: form cell membranes
In water, phospholipids combined to form a lipid
bilayer.
Polar phosphate heads are faced towards
water.
Nonpolar fatty acid tails are faced away from
water.
Nonpolar fatty acid tails form a hydrophobic
center.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKN5sq5dtW4
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47

Other Lipids Include

3. Steroid no fatty acids; four fused
rings
Cholesterol is most common steroid
Precursor of vitamin D and hormones
Structure of animal cell membrane

regulation of cell communication

Which is the male hormone?

testosteron
e
48

Some types of steroids

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Other Lipids Include

4. Waxes protection
Long chains of fatty acid and long chains of alcohol
Examples: earwax, plant cuticle, beeswax

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BBYBRWzsLA

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Lipids: Questions to Answer!

1. What are the different types of lipids?
2. Which one forms the cell membrane structure? Why?
3. Which type of lipid is hormone a part of?
4. What are the main functions of triglyceride?
5. Are lipids polar or non-polar? How does this effect their interaction
with water?
6. What is the structure of triglycerides?
7. What is the structure of phospholipid?
8. Compare saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
9. What are the main functions of waxes? Provide examples.
10. What is the similarities and differences between unsaturated fat
and saturated fats?
11. What are the main functions of steroids? Provide examples.
12. Which lipid structure is in ring-form?
13. Which lipid structure has alcohol in their structure?
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Proteinsas we know it

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Protein
50% of the dry weight of most cells consist of
PROTEINS.
Chemical composition: C, H, O, N, S
There are many different types of proteins each
with their own shape and have their own function
for the cell!
Specific cells and tissues have their own protein
types

53

 Metabolism

Functions of Proteins

Most enzymes are

proteins that act to
speed up chemical
reactions within cells.

Support
Keratin makes the hair
and nail
Collagen give
strength to tendons
and skins.

Transport
Hemoglobin (transport
oxygen from lungs to
body tissue) and
membrane proteins
Help regulate what
enter or exit the cell
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 Defense
Antibodies proteins of
the immune system
Prevent antigen from
destroying cells

Regulation
Some hormones are
regulatory proteins that
influence the
metabolism of cells.

Motion
Muscle proteins and
microtubules
Allows parts of cell to
move and muscle to
contract

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 Proteins are polymers of amino acids

(monomers) linked together by peptide
bonds.
A peptide bond is a covalent bond between
amino acids.
Is this dehydration or
hydrolysis? Why?
Dehydration
because water is
removed; joining
amino acid
(monomers)
together

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Dehydration synthesis joins two amino acids

together to form dipeptide

amino group

peptide bond

acidic group
dehydration reaction
hydrolysis reaction

amino acid

amino acid

dipeptide

Hydrolysis breaks dipeptide down into two amino

acids.

water

 Two amino acids joined together are called

dipeptides.
Long chains of amino acids joined together are called
polypeptides.

A protein is a polypeptide that has folded into

a particular shape and has function.

Polypeptide
Amino acid
Polypeptide

Protein

Dipeptide

58

 Some proteins more than one polypeptide chain

can be very large (many amino acids)
Amino acid sequence influence the final shape and
therefore function of protein
Sequences are similar within species and different
across species

59

Reviewing Concepts
Why is oxygen side negative and the
opposite side positive?
What kind of bond is possible with this kind
of polarity?

Oxygen has more electronegativity than

Nitrogen therefore nitrogen has a slightly
positive charge and oxygen has a slightly
negative charge
Hydrogen Bond in proteins influences its
structure and shape.
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Amino Acids: Protein Monomers

There are 20 different common amino acids.

Amino acids differ by their R groups.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

amino
group
H 2N

H
C

acidic
group
COOH

R
R = rest of molecule

R group affects how they fold

All 20 amino acids

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63

Amino Acid Sequence

Each protein has a specific set of

amino acid sequences
Forms the basis for all levels of protein
structure which affects their function!

64

Check for Understandings

1. What is the monomer of proteins?
2. What is the difference between
polypeptide and protein?
3. How many amino acid are there? What
makes each one different?
4. Explain why your body need to break
down proteins and then build it up
again?
5. Why can proteins have hydrogen bond?
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Proteins can be classified up to four levels of

structure:
1.Primary
2.Secondary
3.Tertiary
4.Quaternary

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ

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Levels of Protein Structure

Primary
The sequence of
amino acids
Total of 20 amino
acids can make
up to hundreds of
thousands of
different
polypeptides
Changing the
sequence of the
amino acids in a
polypeptide can
produce different
proteins
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 Secondary
The chain of
amino acid
coils or folds to
form an alpha
helix and beta
sheet
What kind of
bond hold the
alpha helices
and beta
Hydrogen
sheets
bond
together?
Why can proteins have
hydrogen bond?
Because the peptide bond
joining the amino acid together
have a slightly positive H and
slightly negative O which can
form hydrogen bond when close

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 The secondary
structure of some
proteins is
essentially
all
Alpha
helices

69

 Some
proteins are
largely
Beta
formed
sheets
from

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 Many have a combination of both

alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

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 Tertiary
Final overall threedimensional shape of
a polypeptide
Some protein folding
rules
Hydrophobic amino
acids/hydrophilic
amino acids
Charged amino
acid
Cysteine Bonds
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 Charge amino acids can have one of two charges

positive, negative
Positively and negatively charged amino acids try to move toward each
other
Amino acids with similar charges (positive and positive, or negative and
negative) will try to move as far apart from each other as they can.

73

 Hydrophobi (water hating) amino acids

c
will
always try to get to the inside of a
protein.

Because our bodies are mostly water, hydrophobic

amino acids basically try to hide in this kind of
Hydrophilli
c environment.

(water loving) amino acids

try to get further into the water because
they love it so much

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 Cysteine Bonds cysteine amino

acids are sort of the like obnoxious
couple in the lunch line they just
cant bear to be apart!
These amino acid pairs will move toward
each other whenever they can.

75

 Quaternary
3D shape of
some proteins
that consist of
multiple
subunits
more than one
polypeptide

76

Lets make our

protein!

77

Proteins cannot function properly unless

they fold into their proper shape.
When a protein loses it proper shape, it said to
be denatured.
Exposure of proteins to certain chemicals, a
change in pH, or high temperature can
disrupt protein structure.

How is this related to homeostasis?

Homeostasis in the
body prevents
protein from

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Shape affects Function!

http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=qBRFIMcxZNM

79

Questions to Answer

1. What is the elemental composition of proteins?

2. What are the functions of proteins?
3. What are the monomers of proteins?
4. What are short chain of two amino acids called?
5. What type of covalent bonds can be found between the monomers of proteins?
6. What are the polymers of amino acids?
7. What is the difference between polypeptide and a protein?
8. What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
9. What differentiates amino acids from one another?
10. How is the R group of each amino acid important?
11. Why does the sequence of arranging the amino acids matter?
12. Which level of protein structure refers to the polypeptide consisting of different
amino acids arranged in a certain sequence?
13. What is the difference between tertiary and quaternary levels of protein
structure?
14. What type of bond that help stabilize the structure/shape of protein?
15. How many types of amino acids exist?
16. What is protein denaturation?
17. What is the effect of denaturation on proteins?
18. What are some causes of protein denaturation?
19. Which levels of protein structure is alpha helix and beta sheet?>
20. Which type of amino acid would not mind being on the outside of the protein
structure and why?
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Think about it
How do the cell knows what
sequence of amino acids they want
to make to form a particular protein?

DNA controls that!

81

3.5 Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are polymers of
nucleotides.
Elemental composition: C, H, O, N, P
Functions
Store information (life instructions)

82

Three varieties of nucleic

acids:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)

Stores genetic
information

Specify the order in

which amino acids are
to be joined to make a
protein

Primarily found in the

nucleus of the cell

83

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Perform a wide
range of functions
within cells
Temporary
immediate between
DNA and proteins
Found in nucleus
and cytoplasm

84

Another type of nucleic acid

Special nucleic
acid that stores
large amounts of
energy needed for
cell reaction

85

Structure of a Nucleotide
Each nucleotide is composed of three parts:
A phosphate group
A pentose sugar
A nitrogen-containing
(nitrogenous) base

RNA

DNA

86

Nucleotides
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

phosphate
P

C
O

5'
4'

1'

2'
3'
pentose sugar

nitrogencontaining
base

88

There are five types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic

acids.
DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Nucleotides are joined together by a series of dehydration

synthesis reactions to form a linear molecule called a strand.

89

Structure of DNA and RNA

The backbone of the
nucleic acid strand
is composed of
alternating sugarphosphate
molecules.
RNA is
predominately a
single-stranded
molecule.
DNA is a doublestranded molecule.

90

91

Nucleotides to Nucleic Acid

Monomers to Polymers by
Dehydration Reaction;
Water Removed

92

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

DNA is composed of two strands held

together by hydrogen bonds between
the nitrogen-containing bases. The two
strands twist around each other to
form a double helix.

Adenine hydrogen bonds

with thymine
Cytosine hydrogen bonds
with guanine

The bonding between the

nucleotides in DNA is
referred to as
complementary base
pairing.

Photodisk Red/Getty RF

Double and Triple Hydrogen

Bond
Adenine and Thymine have
double hydrogen bond

Guanine and Cytosine have

triple hydrogen bond
94

Base-Pair Practice
Write the complementary base pair
for the following base. Which one is
DNA, Which one Is RNA? How can
you tell?
A, T, G, T, A, C, G, T, C, C, A, A
U, C, G, A, U, U, C, A, G, G, A, C
95

A Special Nucleotide: ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of
adenine, ribose, and three phosphates.
ATP is a high-energy molecule due to the
presence of the last two unstable phosphate
bonds.

2 unstable
phosphate

97

ATP similar to charged battery (can be use)

ADP uncharged battery used already
98

Questions to Answer!
1. What is the elemental composition of nucleic acids?
2. What, specifically, are the functions of DNA?
3. What, specifically, are the functions of RNA?
4. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
5. What are the polymers of nucleotides?
6. What are two examples of nucleic acids?
7. What 3 molecules make up a nucleotide?
8. What is a pentose sugar? List 2 examples. Which type is for RNA? Which is for DNA?
9. List 5 examples of nitrogenous base.
10. What two categories can nitrogenous bases be divided into?
11. List 2 examples of purines.
12. List 3 examples of pyrimidines.
13. How do purines and pyrimidines differ regarding their molecular structure?
14. What nitrogenous bases can be found in DNA?
15. What nitrogenous bases can be found in RNA?
16. Is DNA a double of single strand? Is RNA a double or single strand?
17. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
18. The nitrogenous bases on each of the double stranded DNA are paired together by what kind
of bond?
19. Where does the nitrogenous base connect to in the ladder
20. What is complementary base-pairing? Which base pairs with what base?
21. Which base pair have stronger hydrogen bond?
22. Why is ATP considered a nucleotide too? How is their nucleotide different from DNA and RNAs
nucleotide?
23. What makes ATP stores high-energy?

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