Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Florence, Italy
Medici Family
Classicism
Clarity in style, adhering to
principles of elegance and
symmetry, and created by
attention and adherence to
traditional forms.
Renaissance Man
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Realism
Realism in the visual
arts and literature is
the general attempt
to depict subjects as
they exist in objective
reality, without
embellishment or
interpretation and "in
accordance with
secular, empirical
rules.
Perspective
Humanism
Machiavelli
Petrarch
Dante Alighieri
Erasmus
Prince of Humanists
Erasmus lived against the
backdrop of the growing European
religious Reformation; but while he
was critical of the abuses within
the Church and called for reform,
he kept his distance from Luther
and continued to recognize the
authority of the pope. Erasmus
emphasized a middle way, with a
deep respect for traditional faith,
piety and grace, and rejected
Luther's emphasis on faith alone.
William Shakespeare
Protestant
Reformation
Indulgences
By making a contributing
money to the church, a
sinner would receive a
partial indulgence not to
commit further sins, while
at the same time,
diminishing the time period
that he was to suffer in
purgatory for remission of
his sins.
Martin Luther
Lutheranism
Ninety-Five Theses
Justification by Faith
John Calvin
A Christian theologian and
pastor, John Calvin regularly
preached sermons in
Geneva, Switzerland. He
preached the doctrine of
predestination and the
absolute sovereignty of
God. Calvin's writing and
preachings provided the
seeds for the branch of
theology that bears his
name, Calvinism. The
Reformed and Presbyterian
churches have spread the
theology of Calvinism
throughout the world.
Calvinism
Predestination
Predestination is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God.
John Calvin interpreted biblical predestination to mean that God willed
eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others.
Henry VIII
King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death, Henry was the second
monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, HenryVII. Besides his
six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church
of England from the Roman Catholic Church.
Anglicanism
Counter Reformation
Council of Trent
After 20-years of debate,
the Council of Trent
established the basis for
Catholic Counter
Reformation. Decrees
were issued covering
every aspect of Church
authority, from the
chastity of priests to
reform of the
monasteries.
Jesuits
Johann Gutenberg
Ferdinand Magellan
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange, also known as the Grand Exchange, was the
exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves),
disease, and ideas between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia following the
voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Coercive Labor
During the period of 1450 to 1750, the
introduction of slavery and
improvements in agriculture in the
Americas brought a strict form of rule
over the indigenous people and black
slaves. This form of ruling was known as
coercive labor, however, the diversity of
cultures in the Caribbean, Latin America,
and the English colonies brought
changes in the form in which it was used,
which included the rights of slaves and
indigenous people, commodities
produced, and freedoms granted by their
masters.
New France
Edict of Nantes
Copernicus
Heliocentrism
the Sun is the center of the Solar
System.
Mercantilism
Absolute Monarchy
Absolute monarchy is a
monarchical form of government
in which the monarch exercises
ultimate governing authority as
head of state and head of
government; his or her powers are
not limited by a constitution or by
the law. An absolute monarch
wields unrestricted political power
over the sovereign state and its
people. Absolute monarchies are
often hereditary. King Louis XIV of
France is considered to be the
epitome of an absolute monarch.
Caravel
A caravel is a small, highly
maneuverable sailing ship
developed in the 15th
century by the Portuguese
to explore along the West
African coast and into the
Atlantic Ocean. Caravels
were much used by the
Portuguese for the oceanic
exploration voyages during
the 15th and 16th
centuries in the age of
discovery.
Lateen Sail
The lateen (triangular) sails gave a Portuguese caravel speed and the
capacity for sailing windward. (upwind)
Mestizos
Hernn Corts
Hernn Corts was a Spanish
explorer who is famous for his
march across Mexico and his
conquering of the Aztec Empire
in Mexico. The Aztec Empire
was ruled by Montezuma II.
Corts arrived in Mexico in
March 1519 with a group of
about 600 men and a few
horses. He made his way
inland to the Aztec capital city,
Tenochtitln. Along the way, he
made friends with a native
group called the Tlaxcalans,
who were enemies of the
Aztecs. The Tlaxcalans helped
Corts against the Aztecs.
Francisco Pizarro
Vasco de Gama
James Cook
Middle Passage
Brunelleschi
One of the foremost architects and
engineers of the Italian
Renaissance. He is perhaps most
famous for his discovery of
perspective and for engineering
the dome of the Florence
Cathedral, but his
accomplishments also include
other architectural works,
sculpture, mathematics,
engineering and even ship design.
Northern Renaissance
Vernacular
A vernacular is the native
language or native dialect of a
specific population. Martin Luther
translated the Bible into the
German vernacular, which was the
first non-Latin version of The
Bible.
The Inquisition