Tests on Bitumen

by

Vinay Kumar

Bituminous materials
Bituminous materials or asphalts are extensively
used for roadway construction, primarily because
of their:

Binding characteristics

Water proofing properties

Relatively low cost.

Types of Bituminous Materials

Bitumen
hydrocarbons
derived
from
distillation
of
petroleum
or
natural asphalt
soluble in
disulphide

carbon

Tar
Tars are residues
from the destructive
distillation
of
organic substances
such as coal, wood,
or petroleum

Different forms of bitumen

Cutback bitumen
The viscosity of the bitumen has been
reduced by a volatile suitable
Bitumen Emulsion
Bitumen emulsion is a liquid product in which
bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition
in an aqueous medium and stabilized by suitable
material.
Bituminous primers
In bituminous primer is a liquid materials and it
is absorbed by the road surface on which it is
spread

Requirements of Bitumen

The bitumen should not be highly temperature

susceptible: during the hottest weather the mix
should not become too soft or unstable, and during
cold weather the mix should not become too brittle
causing cracks.

The viscosity of the bitumen at the time of

mixing and compaction should be adequate.
This can be achieved by use of cutbacks or
emulsions of suitable grades or by heating the
bitumen and aggregates prior to mixing.

There should be adequate affinity and

adhesion between the bitumen and aggregates
used in the mix.

Grades of Bitumen
Paving grades
Bitumen used for pavement construction work of
roads and airfields
Industrial grades
Waterproofing of structures, industrial floors etc.

The paving bitumen available in India is

classified into two categories:
A-type
S-type
A-35,A-90 & S-35,S-90

Tests on bitumen
Penetration test
measures the hardness or softness of bitumen
Specific gravity test
specific gravity of bitumen is defined as the ratio of
mass of given volume of bitumen
Softening point test
Softening point denotes the temperature at which
the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening
Flash and Fire point test

Flash point as the temperature at which the

vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the
form of flash under specified test conditions .

Specific gravity test for Bitumen

AIM
To determine the specific gravity of given Bituminous
material.
Apparatus required:
Specific gravity bottle or Pycnometer, balance
and distilled water.

Procedure
The pycnometer is cleaned, dried along with
stopper(w1 grams).
Pycnometer is filled with distilled water and kept
in water container for at least 30 mins.
The pycnometer is then removed and cleaned
from outside and weighed(w2 grams)
Then the pycnometer emptied and cleaned. The
bituminous material filled half the bottle.

 T0 escape air bubble, the sample is allowed to

stand for 30 mins at suitable temperature and
cooled and weighed(w3 grams).
The remaining space is filled with distilled water
and is weighed(w4 grams).

Observations

Formulae

Result:
The specific gravity of given bituminous
binder is ________________

Determination of Penetration value

of Bitumen
AIM
To determine the consistency of bituminous
material
Apparatus required
Penetration apparatus, thermometer, time
measuring device, transfer dish, water bath,
needle, container.

Penetration test concept

Procedure.
Soften the material to a pouring consistency at a
temperature not more than 60oC for tars and
90oC for bitumen above the approximate
softening point and stir it thoroughly until it is
homogenous and is free from air bubbles and
water
Pour the melt into the container to a depth atleast
10mm in excess of the expected penetration.
Protect the sample from dust and allow it to cool
in an atmosphere at a temperature between 15o
to 30oC for one hour

 Then place it along with the transfer dish in the water

bath at 25.0o 0.1oC and allow it to remain for 1 to
11/2 hour.
The test is carried out at 25.0 0.1C, unless
otherwise stated.
Place the sample in it and put it upon the stand of the
penetration apparatus
Clean the needle with benzene, dry it and load with
weight. The total moving load required is
1000.25gms, including the weight of the needle,
carrier and super-imposed weights.

 Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface

of the sample.
Make the pointer of the dial to read zero or note
the initial dial reading
Release the needle for exactly five seconds
Adjust the penetration machine to measure the
distance penetrated.
Make at least 3 reading at points on the surface of
the sample not less than 10mm apart and not less
than 10mm from the side of the dish.

Result
The Penetration value of given bitumen is
____________

Determination of softening point of

Bituminous material
AIM
To determine the softening point of bitumen
Apparatus required:
Ring and Ball apparatus, Water bath with stirrer,
Thermometer, Glycerin, etc. Steel balls each of
9.5mm and weight of 2.50.08gm.

Softening Test Concept

Procedure
Heat the material to a temperature between 75
100C above its softening point, stir until, it is
completely fluid and free from air bubbles and water.
Place the rings, previously heated to a temperature
approximating to that of the molten material.
On a metal plate which has been coated with a
mixture of equal parts of glycerin and dextrin.

After cooling for 30 minutes in air, level the material

in the ring by removing the excess with a warmed,
sharp knife.

 Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer

and ball guides in position.
Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50mm
above the upper surface of the rings.
Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the
temperature rises at a uniform rate of 50.5C per
minute

Note down the temperature when any of the steel ball

with bituminous coating touches the bottom plate.

Record and Observation

Result
The Softening value of given bitumen is

______

Flash and fire point test

AIM
To determine the flash and fire point of a given
bituminous material.
Apparatus required:
Pensky-martens closed cup tester, thermometer,
heating source, flame exposure.

Procedure
All parts of the cup are cleaned and dried
thoroughly before the test is started.
The material is filled in the cup upto a mark .
All accessories including thermometer of the
specified range are suitably fixed.
The bitumen sample is then heated.
The heating of sample is done at a rate of 5o to
6oC per minute.

 During heating the sample the stirring is done at a

rate of approximately 60 revolutions per minute.
The test flame is applied at intervals depending
upon the expected flash and fire points and
corresponding temperatures at which the material
shows the sign of flash and fire are noted.

Flash and fire Test Concept

Observation and Calculation

Result
The temperature at which the flame application
that causes a bright flash ____________C and
temperature at which the sample catches fire
________________C.