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Lecture 7
Lecture 7
Format
Source
encode
Channel
encode
Pulse
modulate
Bandpass
modulate
Channel
Digital modulation
Digital demodulation
Format
Source
decode
Channel
decode
Detect
Lecture 7
Demod.
Sample
Bandpass modulation
Bandpass modulation:
The process of
converting a data signal to a sinusoidal waveform
where its amplitude, phase or frequency, or a
combination of them, are varied in accordance
with the transmitting data.
Bandpass signal:
2 Ei
si (t ) gT (t )
cos c t (i 1)t i (t ) 0 t T
T
where gT (t ) is the baseband pulse shape with energy
Eg
Lecture 7
M
i 1
Ei
5
z1
r (t )
N (t )
zN
z1
z N
Lecture 7
Decision
circuits
(ML detector)
Coherent detection
Coherent detection
requires carrier phase recovery at the
receiver and hence, circuits to perform
phase estimation.
Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at
the receiver:
Lecture 7
Coherent detection ..
r (t ) gT (t )
2 Ei
cos i t i (t ) n(t )
T
Oscillator
2
cos c t
T
PLL
Used by
correlators
90 deg.
2
sin c t
T
Lecture 7
Q branch
Multidimensional waveforms
2
1 (t )
cos c t
T
s2
0
s1
1 (t )
E1
ai Ei
Lecture 7
10
4-PAM:
si (t ) ai 1 (t ) i 1, , M
00
s1
2
1 (t )
cos c t
T
3 Eg
01
11
s3
s2
Eg
Eg
10
s4
1 (t )
3 Eg
ai (2i 1 M ) E g
Ei s i
E g 2i 1 M
( M 2 1)
Es
Eg
3
Lecture 7
11
Example of bandpass
modulation:
Binary PAM
Lecture 7
12
r (t )
z1
ML detector
(Compare with M-1 thresholds)
Lecture 7
13
2 Es
2i
cos c t
T
M
si (t ) ai1 1 (t ) ai 2 2 (t ) i 1, , M
2
1 (t )
cos c t
T
2i
ai1 Es cos
M
Es Ei s i
2
2 (t )
sin c t
T
2i
ai 2 Es sin
Lecture 7
14
s1
8PSK (M=8)
s2
Eb
Eb
1 (t )
010
s4
s3
2 (t )
011
s2
QPSK (M=4)
Es
2 (t )
01
s2
00
s1
10
s5
1 (t )
111
100
s6
1 (t )
11
s000
1
110
Es
s3
001
s8
101
s7
s4
Lecture 7
15
r (t )
2 (t )
z1
z1
arctan
z2
Compute
| i |
Choose
smallest
z2
Lecture 7
16
si (t ) ai1 1 (t ) ai 2 2 (t ) i 1, , M
1 (t )
2
2
cos c t 2 (t )
sin c t
T
T
( M 1, M 1)
2( M 1)
3
( M 3, M 1)
( M 1, M 1)
ai1 , ai 2 ( M 1, M 3) ( M 3, M 3) ( M 1, M 3)
( M 1, M 1) ( M 3, M 1) ( M 1, M 1)
Lecture 7
17
s1
1000
s5
2 (t )
0001 0011
s2
1001
s6
-3
-1
s9
s10
1100
1101
s13
s14
0100
0101
s3
0010
s4
1011 1010
1
s7
s8
1 (t )
12
11
-1
1111 1110
16
15
-3
0111 0110
Lecture 7
18
z1
ML detector
(Compare with M 1 thresholds)
r (t )
Parallel-to-serial
converter
2 (t )
z2
ML detector
(Compare with M 1 thresholds)
Lecture 7
19
Multi-dimensional modulation,
demodulation & detection
M-ary Frequency Shift keying (MFSK)
2 Es
2 Es
si (t )
cos i t
cos c t (i 1)t
T
1
f
2 2T
3 (t )
si (t ) aij j (t ) i 1, , M
s3
j 1
2
i (t )
cos i t
T
Es Ei s i
Es i j
i j
0
aij
Es
s2
s1
2 (t )
Es
Es
1 (t )
Lecture 7
20
Multi-dimensional mod.,(MFSK)
1 (t )
z1
r (t )
M (t )
zM
z1
ML detector:
z M
Lecture 7
Choose
the largest element
in the observed vector
21
Non-coherent detection
Non-coherent detection:
No need for a reference in phase with
the received carrier
Less complexity compared to coherent
detection at the price of higher error
rate.
Lecture 7
22
Non-coherent detection
si (t )
2E
cos 0t i (t ) , 0 t T , i 1,...,M
T
k (nT ) k ((n 1)T ) i (nT )
Symbol index: k
Data bits: mk
Diff. encoded bits
Symbol phase: k
0 1 2 3 4
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0
0 0
5 6 7
0 1 1
1 1 1
Lecture 7
s2
s1
23
1 (t )
Non-coherent detection
2E
r (t )
cos 0t i (t ) n(t ), 0 t T
T
i (nT ) j ((n 1)T ) i (nT ) j ((n 1)T ) i (nT )
2 (t )
(a2 , b2 )
Lecture 7
(a1 , b1 )
1 (t )
24
Non-coherent detection
1 (t )
r (t )
Decision
Delay
T
r (t )
Decision
Delay
T
Lecture 7
25
Non-coherent detection
Energy detection
Lecture 7
26
Non-coherent detection
z11
2
2
z11 z12
2 / T sin(1t )
r (t )
z12
z (T )
2 / T cos( 2t )
z 21
z 21 z 22
2 / T sin( 2t )
z 22
Decision stage:
if z (T ) 0, m 1
if z (T ) 0, m 0
2
Lecture 7
27