Etnografi & Kajian KesKuliah Etnografi & Kajian Kes

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Guardian of The Nation

Mengilham harapan, mencipta masa depan
Inspiring Futrures, Inspiring Possibilities
Case Study Research Method

Attempts to shed light on a phenomena
by studying in
depth a single case example of the
phenomena. The case can be an
individual person, an event, a group, or
an institution.

Definition of a Case Study

Investigates a contemporary phenomenon
within its real-life context, especially when
The boundaries between phenomenon and
context are not clearly evident.
(Case studies focus on understanding the
dynamics present within a single setting
(Eisenhardt, 1989).
Yin, Robert (1994) "Ch 1: Designing Case Studies," Case Study Research:
Design & Methods, 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., (1989) "Building Theories From Case Study Research,"
Academy Of Management Review, 14(4) 532-550.

Deductive Research Model

Case Study Research

The essence of a case study, the central
tendency among all types of case study is
that it tries to illuminate a decision or set of
decisions: why they were taken, how they
were implemented, and with what result.
Yin, Robert (1994) "Ch 1: Designing Case Studies," Case
Study Research: Design & Methods, 2nd edition, Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Usefulness of Case Studies

Case studies can be:
Exploratory
Explanatory
Descriptive (Yin, 1994)
Case studies can be used to:
Provide description
Test theory
Generate theory (Eisenhardt, 1989).
Yin, Robert (1994) "Ch 1: Designing Case Studies," Case Study Research: Design & Methods, 2nd
edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., (1989) "Building Theories From Case Study Research," Academy Of
Management Review, 14(4) 532-550. Powerpoint Templates
When to choose:
Choice of history, case studies or
experiments will depend on access.
Case studies preferred in examining
contemporary events.
Experiments are done when the
investigator can manipulate behavior
directly, precisely and systematically.
Yin, Robert (1994) "Ch 1: Designing Case Studies," Case Study Research: Design & Methods, 2nd edition, Thousand

Criticisms of Case Studies

Lack of rigor of case study research.
Confusing case study research with case
study teaching.
Provide little basis for scientific
generalization.
Case Studies take too long.
Yin, Robert (1994) "Ch 1: Designing Case Studies," Case Study Research: Design & Methods, 2nd edition, Thousand

Case Study Protocol

Include following topics:
Overview of Case Study
Background information
Issues being investigated
Relevant readings
Case Study questions
Field procedures
Access to sites,
assistance
Schedule of data
collection
Keep investigator on track

Distinguish among levels of questions
Pathway btw. ? and evidence
Guide for Case Study report

Yin, Robert (1994) "Ch 3: Conducting Case Studies: Collecting the Evidence," Case Study Research: Design & Methods, 2nd edition,
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Analyzing within field and cross case

data:
This preliminary analysis assists in organizing the
enormous quantities of data
Cross case data forces researchers to go beyond
initial impressions.
For cross-case data analysis, can look at within
group similarities and intergroup differences.
Select pairs of cases, and list similarities and
differences between each group forces
researcher to look for subtle similarities and
differences.
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., (1989) "Building Theories From Case Study Research," Academy Of
Management Review, 14(4) 532-550.

Ethnography
Focuses on the sociology of
meaning through close field
observation of sociocultural
phenomena. Typically, the
ethnographer focuses on a
community.

(Larson, 1984)
Background
Rooted in anthropology
Based on the assumption that culture
is learned and shared among members
of a group
Can be described and understood
(Morse, 1992, as cited in Boyle, 1994, p. 160)

Background
Is a research process used in the
scientific study of human interactions
in social settings
Has become increasing popular in
educational research over the past
few years
(Creswell, 2007)

Definition
Is a research design that allows researcher to
describe and interpret the shared and learned
patterns of a group (Harris 1968, as cited in
Creswell, 2007, p. 68)
Involves interpretation and a selection of

data (Jacobson, 1991, p. 2)
Is an attempt to describe culture or aspects of
culture (Bogdan & Biklen, 2007, p. 30)
Is a description and interpretation of a cultural
or social group or system (Creswell, 1998, p. 58)

Types
1. Realist ethnography
Traditional approach used by cultural anthropologist
Typically written in third person
Objective reporting on information learned
Just the facts
No member check, author has final say on how the
culture is to be interpreted and presented
(Creswell, 2007, p. 69-70)

2. Critical ethnography
Researchers are advocates for the emancipation of
groups marginalized in society (Thomas, 1993, as cited in
Creswell, 2008, p. 70)
Politically minded individuals who want to speak out

(Carspecken & Apple, 1992, as cited in Creswell, 2008, p. 70)
Want to challenge the status quo, or mavericks (personal

communication, T. Ahart, 2008)
(Creswell, 2007, p. 69-70)

Ventresca & Beckett
Procedures
Creswell proposes a combination of the

realist and critical approaches.
Decide if ethnography the most appropriate

design for the given research problem.
Does it explore inner workings of a culture?

Beliefs, language, behaviors, etc.
Identify and locate a culture-sharing group to

study.
Gatekeeper, key informants

(Creswell, 2007, p. 70-71)

Procedures
Select themes or issues to study about the
group.
Analysis
May include socialization, learning, cognition, etc.
Holistic perspective
Determine style of ethnography to use.

Realist
Critical
(Creswell, 2007, p. 71-72)

Procedures
Gather information where the group works and
lives.
Multiple forms of data sets
Used for a description of the culture-sharing group
Forge a working set of rules or patterns as the

final product of this analysis.
(Creswell, 2007, p. 71-72)

Strategies
Research Problem
Establish a need for the study providing strong
rationale, framing within literature, encoding
and foreshadowing text.
Rationale should include thoughts about why its
important to describe and interpret the cultural
behavior of a certain group.
(Creswell, 2007)

Strategies
Purpose statement- a statement that provides
the major objective or intent, or road map, to
the study.
Use clear and concise language.
Qualitative research questions

Are Open ended, evolving and nondirectional
Restate the purpose.
(Creswell, 2007)

Strategies
Qualitative research questions
Start with words such as what or how
Are few in number
The central question can be encoded

with language of chosen approach.
Descriptive questions of cultures are found in
ethnographies

Strategies
Subquestions
Issue questions
Address major concerns and perplexities to be
solved
Topical questions
Cover anticipated needs for information
Advance the procedural process of the study
(Creswell, 2007)

Data
Data - verbal descriptions of people,
interactions, settings, objects and
phenomena within the context being
studies

Data Analysis
Preparing & Organizing Data
Develop tentative codes (~12)
Identifying general themes (5-7)
Describe setting
Interpret data
Patterned regularities
Comparing cultural groups
Representing the data in narrative & visually
Day in the Life Story Mystery
(Creswell,
2007)

Writing
The Audience
Overall Rhetorical Structure
Introduction that engages the reader
Introduce setting and methods
Present analytic claims
Conclusion elaborating on thesis
Embedded Rhetorical Structure
Thick and thin
(Emerson, Fretz & Shaw, 1995 as cited in Creswell, 2007)

Challenges
The researcher needs an understanding of cultural
anthropology and social-cultural systems.
The research must be prepared for timeconsuming field research and data analysis.
The researcher may need to adjust his/her writing
style to employ more literary approaches.
The researcher may go native during the
process.
The researcher must understand the effects of
his/her presence.
(Creswell, 2007, p. 72)

Challenges
Concerns
Validation
Assess the accuracy of the findings through the
eyes of the researcher and the participants
Use at least two validation strategies
Reliability
Keep high quality field notes
Seek agreement on codes and themes (if multiple
coders exist)
Be flexible
(Creswell, 2007, p. 209-210)

Evaluation
The clear identification of a culture-sharing group
The specification of a cultural themes (sic) that will
be examined in light of this culture-sharing group
A detailed description of the cultural group
Themes that derive from an understanding of the
cultural group
(Creswell, 2007, p. 218)

Evaluation
The identification of issues that arose in the field
that reflect on the relationship between the
researcher and the participants, the interpretive
nature of reporting, and sensitivity and
reciprocity in the co-creating of the account
An explanation overall of how the culture-sharing
group works
A self-disclosure and reflexivity by the researcher
about her or his position in the research
(Creswell, 2007, p. 218)

References
Bogdan, R.C. and Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. 5th ed.
Boston: Pearson.
Boyle, J. S. (1994). Styles of Ethnography. In J. M. Morse (Ed.) Critical issues in qualitative research methods (pp. 159183). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ethnography: Do it right. (2006, June 5). BusinessWeek. Retrieved July 10, 2009, from
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_23/b3987085.htm
Jacobson, D. (1991). Introduction. Reading ethnography (pp. 1-23) New York: State University of New York Press.
Larson, G. (1984). Anthropologists! Anthropologists! Retrieved July 10, 2009, from
http://anthropology.net/2007/09/14/watch-out-the-anthropologists-are-coming/anthropologists-anthropologists/
Soria, M. & Swift, M. (Producers), & Darnell, E. & McGrath, T. (Directors). (2008). Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa [Motion
Picture]. United States: DreamWorks Animation. Retrieved July 14, 2009, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0479952/
Ventresca, C. & Beckett, H. (2007). Im not sure what methodology they used. Retrieved July 10, 2009, from
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/camethods.html
Watterson, B. (1992). Calvin & Hobbes Time Travel Strip Series. Retrieved July 14, 2009, from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6691670/Calvin-Hobbes-Time-Travel-Strip-Series

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KAJIAN KES

Guardian of The Nation

Case Study Research Method

Guardian of The Nation

Definition of a Case Study

Guardian of The Nation

Deductive Research Model

Guardian of The Nation

Case Study Research

Guardian of The Nation

Usefulness of Case Studies

Guardian of The Nation

Criticisms of Case Studies

Guardian of The Nation

Case Study Protocol

Case Study questions

Keep investigator on track

Guide for Case Study report

Mengilham harapan, mencipta masa depan

Analyzing within field and cross case

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Involves interpretation and a selection of

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Politically minded individuals who want to speak out

Want to challenge the status quo, or mavericks (personal

(Creswell, 2007, p. 69-70)

Guardian of The Nation

Creswell proposes a combination of the

Decide if ethnography the most appropriate

Does it explore inner workings of a culture?

Identify and locate a culture-sharing group to

Gatekeeper, key informants

Guardian of The Nation

Determine style of ethnography to use.

Guardian of The Nation

Forge a working set of rules or patterns as the

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Qualitative research questions

Guardian of The Nation

The central question can be encoded

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

Guardian of The Nation

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