Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 1
Brooks/Cole,
Introduction
Transparency 2
Transparency 3
He believes:
counseling entails far more than becoming a skilled technician
Transparency 4
Transparency 5
View the DVD or online program entitled Theory in Practice: The Case
of Stan for each chapter.
Transparency 6
Read the section on each theory chapter that deals with counseling Stan
from the various theories.
Research shows that both the therapy relationship and the therapy
used contribute to treatment outcome
Transparency 7
Chapter 2
Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning
Transparency 8
A division of
Your living example of who you are and how you struggle to live up
to your potential is powerful
Be authentic
Transparency 9
Corey believes that...therapists cannot hope to open doors for clients that
they have not opened for themselves.
Research shows that many therapists who seek personal counseling find it:
Personally beneficial
Important for their professional development
Transparency 10
Find ways to manage value conflicts between you and your clients
Transparency 11
Multicultural Counseling
Transparency 13
Transparency 14
Chapter 3
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 16
Brooks/Cole,
Professional Ethics
Transparency 17
Mandatory Ethics
Aspirational Ethics
Positive Ethics
Transparency 18
Transparency 19
Informed Consent
Transparency 20
Limits of Confidentiality
Transparency 21
Multicultural Issues
Transparency 22
Strengths
Criticisms
Transparency 23
Some counselors believe this approach is mechanistic and does not allow for
individual differences in clients
Is not well-suited for helping clients with existential concerns
It is difficult to measure both relational and technical aspects of a psychological
treatment
Has potential for misuse as a method of cost containment for insurance companies
instead of a method of efficacious treatment for clients
Evidence-Based Practices
Are not deemed inherently unethical in the ethics codes of the APA or ACA.
Multiple relationships must be managed in an ethical way to eliminate nonprofessional interactions and protect client well-being.
Transparency 24
Will my dual relationship keep me from confronting and challenging the client?
Will my needs for the relationship become more important than therapeutic
activities?
Can my client manage the dual relationship?
Whose needs are being met--my clients or my own?
Can I recognize and manage professionally my attraction to my client?
Dual Relationships
Chapter 4
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 25
Brooks/Cole,
Conscious:
Whats on the surface
i.e. logic, reality
Transparency 27
Unconscious:
What lies deep,
below the surface
i.e. drives, instincts
Dreams
Slips of the tongue
Posthypnotic suggestions
Material derived from free-association
Material derived from projective techniques
Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
The Unconscious
Reality Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Moral Anxiety
Transparency 29
Anxiety
Ego-defense mechanisms:
Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to
deny or distort reality
Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being
overwhelmed
Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing
reality
Transparency 30
Ego-Defense Mechanisms
ORAL STAGE
First year
ANAL STAGE
Ages 1-3
PHALLIC STAGE
Ages 3-6
LATENCY STAGE
Ages 6-12
GENITAL STAGE
Ages 12-60
Transparency 31
A time of socialization
Transference
The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other
This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be
inaccessible
ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE allows the client to achieve insight into
the influence of the past
Countertransference
The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with
objectivity
Transparency 32
Free Association
Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts
Interpretation
Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is
revealed
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Dream Analysis
Transparency 33
Resistance
Anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the
production of unconscious material
Analysis of Resistance
Helps the client to see that canceling appointments, fleeing from therapy
prematurely, etc., are ways of defending against anxiety
Resistance
These acts interfere with the ability to accept changes which could lead
to a more satisfying life
Transparency 34
Transparency 35
Transparency 36
Chapter 5
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 37
Brooks/Cole,
A phenomenological approach
Transparency 38
Transparency 40
Social Interest
Lifestyle
Transparency 41
Inferiority Feelings
Are normal
They are the wellspring of creativity.
Develop when we are young--characterized by early feelings of hopelessness
Superiority Feelings
Promote mastery
Enable us to overcome obstacles
Related Complexes
Inferiority Complex
Superiority Complex
Transparency 42
Transparency 43
Birth Order
Lifestyle assessment
Subjective interview
Objective interview
Family constellation
Early recollections
Basic Mistakes
Transparency 44
Transparency 45
Action-oriented
Useful vs. unhelpful
Transparency 46
Encouragement
Transparency 47
Chapter 6
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 49
Brooks/Cole,
Existential Psychotherapy
Transparency 50
Transparency 51
Existential Therapy
The greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom
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Transparency 55
Encouraging clients to recognize the ways in which they are not living fully
authentic lives
Transparency 56
Transparency 58
The individualistic focus may not fit within the world views of clients from a
collectivistic culture
The high focus on self-determination may not fully account for real-life
limitations of those who are oppressed and have limited choices
The approach may prove difficult for clients who experience difficulty
conceptualizing or have limited intellectual capacities
Transparency 59
Chapter 7
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 60
Brooks/Cole,
Actualizing tendency
Transparency 61
Challenges:
The assumption that the counselor knows best
The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis,
and interpretation
The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems
without direct help
The focus on problems over persons
Transparency 62
Person-Centered Therapy
Emphasizes:
Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people
The persons innate striving for self-actualization
The personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the
therapeutic relationship
The counselors creation of a permissive, growth-promoting climate
People are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic
relationship
Transparency 63
Person-Centered Therapy
Congruence
The therapist need not experience the situation to develop an understanding of it from
the clients perspective
Transparency 64
Transparency 65
Six Conditions
Is invested in developing his or her own life experiences to deepen selfknowledge and move toward self-actualization
Transparency 66
Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship
with the client
The Therapist
Transparency 67
Individuals explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform
them, creating wholeness
Transparency 68
A non-judgmental setting
Empathy
Psychological freedom
Transparency 69
Cultural considerations
Does not focus on the use of specific techniques, making this treatment
difficult to standardize
Transparency 70
Chapter 8
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 71
Brooks/Cole,
Transparency 72
Gestalt Therapy
Holism:
The full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body,
language and dreams
Field theory:
The field is the clients environment which consists of therapist and client and all that
goes on between them
Client is a participant in a constantly changing field
Organismic self-regulation:
Transparency 73
Foreground: figure
Background: ground
Transparency 74
The Now
Result:
Unfinished Business
Contact
Interacting with nature and with other people without losing ones
individuality
Deflection
Confluence
Transparency 76
Introjection
Projection
Retroflection
The experiment
Process-oriented diagnosis
Transparency 77
Rehearsal exercise
Reversal technique
Exaggeration exercise
Dream work
Transparency 78
Therapeutic Techniques
Transparency 79
The approach has the potential for the therapist to abuse power by
using powerful techniques without proper training
This approach may not be useful for clients who have difficulty
abstracting and imagining
The high focus on emotion may pose limitations for clients who
have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved
Transparency 80
Chapter 9
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 81
Brooks/Cole,
Behavior Therapy
In Vivo Desensitization
Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event
Flooding
Prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to stimuli that evoke high
levels of anxiety, without the opportunity to avoid them
Exposure Therapies
Transparency 83
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
Transparency 84
3. Social-Learning Approach
Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individuals
behavior and the environment
Transparency 85
A-B-C model
Antecedent(s)
Behavior(s)
Consequence(s)
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
Transparency 86
Transparency 87
Therapeutic Techniques
Therapeutic Techniques
mindfulness
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - learning acceptance and nonjudgment of thoughts and feelings as they occur
Transparency 88
Treatments
Leaders
Transparency 89
There is potential for the therapist to manipulate the client using this approach
Some clients may find the directive approach imposing or too mechanistic
Transparency 90
Chapter 10
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 91
Brooks/Cole,
Transparency 92
Clients learn
To identify the interplay of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors
To identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are maintained by selfindoctrination
To replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational
cognitions
To stop absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs
Transparency 93
We are born with a potential for both rational and irrational thinking
Transparency 94
activating
event
belief
consequence
disputing
intervention
effective
philosophy
New feeling
Transparency 95
Some examples:
I must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life.
I must perform important tasks competently and perfectly.
Irrational Ideas
If I dont get what I want, its terrible, and I cant stand it.
Transparency 96
Transparency 97
Insight-focused therapy
Theoretical Assumptions
Transparency 98
Basic theory:
To understand the nature of an emotional episode or disturbance it is
essential to focus on the cognitive content of an individuals reaction to the
upsetting event or stream of thoughts
Goals:
To change the way clients think by using their automatic thoughts to reach
the core schemata and begin to introduce the idea of schema restructuring
Principles:
Transparency 99
Arbitrary inferences
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization
Personalization
Polarized thinking
Transparency 100
1.
2.
Selective Abstraction
3.
Transparency 101
Focus:
Clients self-verbalizations or self-statements
Premise:
As a prerequisite to behavior change, clients must notice how they think,
feel, and behave, and what impact they have on others
Basic assumption:
Transparency 102
Cognitive structure:
Transparency 103
The organizing aspect of thinking, which seems to monitor and direct the
choice of thoughts
The executive processor, which holds the blueprints of thinking that
determine when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking
Meichenbaums CBM
Transparency 104
Transparency 105
Chapter 11
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 106
Brooks/Cole,
Transparency 107
Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun
Survival (Physiological needs)
Transparency 108
Basic Needs
Planning SAMIC3
Transparency 109
S
A
M
I
Transparency 110
Total Behavior
Group leaders and members jointly determine goals and plans of action
In group, members explore new courses of behavior that will bring them
closer to getting what they want out of life
Feedback from leaders and group members can help individuals design
realistic and attainable plans
Transparency 112
There is a danger for the therapist of imposing his or her personal views on
clients by deciding for the client what constitutes responsible behavior
Reality therapy is often construed as simple and easy to master when in fact
it requires much training to implement properly.
Transparency 113
Chapter 12
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 114
Brooks/Cole,
Transparency 115
1. Liberal Feminism
Focus
Helping individual women overcome the limits and constraints of their
socialization patterns
Major goals
Transparency 116
2. Cultural Feminism
Focus
Oppression stems from societys devaluation of womens strengths
Emphasize the differences between women and men
Believe the solution to oppression lies in feminization of the culture
Major goal
Transparency 117
3. Radical Feminism
Focus
The oppression of women that is embedded in patriarchy
Seek to change society through activism
Therapy is viewed as a political enterprise with the goal of
transformation of society
Major goals
Transform gender relationships
Increase womens sexual and procreative self-determination.
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 12 (4)
Transparency 118
4. Socialist Feminism
Focus
Goal of societal change
Emphasis on multiple oppressions
Believe solutions to societys problems must include consideration of:
Class
Race
Transparency 119
Major goal
Transparency 120
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Transparency 122
Bibliotherapy
Self-disclosure
Transparency 123
Assertiveness training
Reframing
Changes the frame of reference for looking at an individual's behavior
Transparency 124
Relabeling
Changes the label or evaluation applied to the client's behavioral
characteristics
Generally, the focus is shifted from a negative to a positive evaluation
Social Action
Transparency 126
Transparency 127
Transparency 128
Chapter 13
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 129
Brooks/Cole,
Therapeutic task:
Help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they
author their own stories
Transparency 130
Transparency 131
Social Constructionism
Transparency 132
Social Constructionism
Therapy Goals
Transparency 134
Key Concepts of
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Transparency 135
Basic Assumptions of
Solution-Focused Therapy
Transparency 136
Questions in
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Pre-therapy change
(What have you done since you made the appointment that has made a difference
in your problem?)
Exception questions
(Direct clients to times in their lives when the problem did not exist)
Miracle question
Scaling questions
(On a scale of zero to 10, where zero is the worst you have been and 10 represents
the problem being solved, where are you with respect to __________?)
Transparency 138
(If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved while you were
asleep, what would be different in your life?)
Techniques Used in
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Leader shifts focus from the problem by providing members the opportunity
to view themselves as resourceful and competent
Group members can offer input and point out exceptions to problematic
situations in each others lives
Transparency 139
The person is not the problem, but the problem is the problem
Transparency 140
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Transparency 142
Transparency 143
Living life means relating to problems, not being fused with them
Transparency 144
Externalization
The assumption is that people can continually and actively reauthor their lives
Transparency 145
Narrative therapy has been used for group work in school settings
Transparency 146
For some individuals, the therapists not knowing stance may compromise
the clients confidence in the therapist as an expert
Transparency 147
Chapter 14
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency 148
Brooks/Cole,
Problematic behaviors
Transparency 149
Triangulation
Transparency 152
Transparency 153
Family rules
Sculpting
Nurturing triads
Transparency 154
Open communications
Enhancement of self-esteem
Encouragement of growth
Transparency 155
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Transparency 159
Change results when the family follows the therapists directions &
change transactions
Transparency 160
Transparency 161
Problems often arise during the transition from one developmental stage
to the next
Transparency 162