Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Medicinal Plants
and herbal medicines
at iba pa
Summary
Phil FDA definitions of
different herbal based
products
Similarities and differences
between synthetic and
herbal medicines
Synergy in herbal
preparations
Myths about herbal
medicines
Research approach/Drug
development
Traditionally used
Herbal
Products
Herbal/Food Supplement
MAHALAGANG
PAALALA: ANG
(name of
product) AY
HINDI GAMOT AT
HINDI DAPAT
GAMITING
PANGGAMOT SA
ANUMANG URI
NG SAKIT.
Herbal medicines
Evidence of safety and efficacy- PhilFDA AO 172
2004
1. Pre clinical- Acute LD50
Pharmacological effects both in vivo and in vitro
Bioassay
Non-mutagenicity- Ames test and micronucleus
test
sub-chronic and chronic toxicity
2. Clinical- for galenicals- Phase 1 trials
For dosage forms- Phase 1,2 and 3 trials
Common
name of
plant
Aspirin
Scientific
name of
plant
source
Illicium
verum
Atropine
Belladonna Atropa
belladona
Tiotropium
bromide
Belladonna Atropa
belladona
Indication
Mechanism of action
decreases production of
prostaglandins and TXA2
due to its irreversible
inactivation of the
cyclooxygenase enzyme
Treatment and
prevention of Influenza A
and B
Antidote for overdose of
cholinergic drugs and
organophosphate
pesticides; treatment of
bradycardia
Inhibits neuraminidase
Medicine
Common
name of
plant
Scientific
name of
plant
source
Galega
officinalis
Metformin
French
lilac
Artemether
Qinghausu Artemisia
annua
Sodium
Khellin/
chromoglyc Khella
ate
Ammi
visnaga
Quinine
Cinchona
officinalis
Cinchona
bark
Indication
Mechanism of action
Treatment of type 2
diabetes
mellitus
reduction of hepatic
glucose
production and renal
gluconeogenesis
Treatment of
chloroquine-resistant
plasmodium falciparum
infections
Treatment of asthma,
allergic conjunctivitis and
allergic rhinitis
Inhibition of a
parasite Ca+
dependent ATPase
Leukotriene receptor
antagonits; mast cell
stabilizer
in Heme
Detoxification
pathway,
which facilitates the
aggregation of
cytotoxic heme
Similarities
Similarities between synthetic and
herbal medicines
Must be evaluated for:
- efficacy
- safety
- adverse effects/toxicity
Undergo pre-clinical and clinical trials
Both will have herb-drug interactions
Synergy
An effect seen by a combination of
substances being greater than would
have been expected from a
consideration of individual
contributions
Increased therapeutic effect
Reduced profile of side effects
Synergy
Possible Mechanisms
Facilitation of transport across
membranes
Inhibition of metabolism of active
compound
- phase 1 and 2 enzymes
Inhibition of multidrug resistance
Examples of synergy
Artemisia annua- leaf tea used for thousands
of years in China to treat malaria
- isolated the active principle ARTEMISININE
- a total dose of 3000mg orally over 4 days
for cure of malaria equal to a 4 day course of
leaf tea corresponding to a total dose of 50 mg
artemisinine
- artemisinine activity is enhanced by
flavonoids artemetin and casticin which in itself
have no antimalarial activity
Examples of Synergy
Salix alba RCT for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee
in elderly patients; GI side effects of aspirin were not
observed
Salicin is a salicylalcohol derivative which exhibits
antiinflammatory and analgesic effects after
transformation into salycylic acid in the liver
salicin dose of 240 mg produced therapeutic effects
- flavanoids and tannins may contribute to the
synergistic effect
- salicin did not affect COX1 but only COX2 in
therapeutic doses
Multi-targeted Approach
Diseases have multifactorial etiology
or mechanisms
ex. Diabetes mellitus
hypertension
asthma- LAGUNDI
Lagundi
Botanical name: Vitex negundo L
Filipino name: Lagundi, Dabtan, Tugas
English name: five-leaf chaste tree
Indication: for relief of cough due to common cold, flu
and mild to moderate acute bronchitis
For relief of reversible mild to moderate bronchospasm
in >2 years old with obstructive airway disease such
as asthma, and chronic bronchitis
Formulation: 300mg/tablet, 600mg/tablet
300mg/5mL syrup, 600mg/5mL syrup
Negligible activity
Casticin
Luteolin -7- (?)
0- glucoside
Anti-leukotriene activity
Choose
Agricultur
al
Researche
s
Cultivation
Propagation
Harvesting
Postharvest
handling
Survey of Traditional
Healers on herbal
medicines and folkloric
used/ Literature review
herbal medicines for a specific indication
and
Pharmaceutical
screen for
Preparation
pharmacologic action
Researches
Preclinical researches
Plant material
Ex. -Acute toxicity
processing
-sub chronic/chronic
Crude drug
toxicity
preparation
Safety pharmacology
(Galenicals) and
Mutagenicity, clastogenicty
Heavy metal content
Quality control
In vitro and in vivo
Drug formulation
bioassays
and manufacturing
Isolation of active
research
compound
Quality control of
Human Trials
Pharmaceutical
Phase 1
product
Phase 2
Phase 3
Intellectual Property
Rights/Herbal medicine
registration with Phil FDA
BURNS
Burns
First aid care of burns is
meant to prevent shock ,
prevent infection and to
control pain.
Superficial burn- redness,
swelling and pain, without
blisters
Place affected area
immediately in cold water
or apply cold compress to
relieve the pain. Do not
apply pomade , cooking oil
or coconut oil.
Preparation
Gumamela flower
buds
(Hibiscus
rosasinensis)
Oregano leaves
(Coleus amboinicus
Lour)
Sabila leaves
(Aloe barbadensis
Mill)
Burns
Burns with blister
formation do not drain blister.
If the blister bursts, take
off adjoining skin and
clean with soap and
water. A suggested
medicinal plant may then
be applied.
It would be better to
leave the burned area
exposed to the air.
If the wound cannot be
kept clean, cover the
burned area with a clean
pad or cloth with
Burns
Deep or extensive
burns
If the burn is severe with
gaping flesh or bones, or
a big body surface is
burned, call a physician
immediately or bring to
the nearest hospital or
clinic.
While waiting - follow
the tips listed above.
Wrap the burned area
with a clean cloth or
towel
Comfort and reassure
the patient because
Diarrhea
Bowel movements
>2x/day and change
to soft or watery
Etiologies- infectious
spoiled food,
indigestion, milk
intolerance; allergy
to food; antibiotics;
poisoning; worms;
emotional stress
Most important
problem; Dehydration
- use Oresol
- Coconut water
1L clean water + 2
tbsp sugar or honey+
1/4tsp baking soda +
tsp salt+
Use a recommended
medicinal plant
Diarrhea
Plant
mater
ial
Amount of
chopped leaves
needed
Abuka
do
(Perse
a
amerik
ana
Mill)
Bayab
as
(Psidiu
m
guajav
a L)
Adult
Dried
Fresh
Adult
8 tbsp
10 tbsp
7-12
yrs
4 tbsp
5 tbsp
2-6 yrs
2 tbsp
2 tbsp
Dried
Fresh
8 tbsp
10 tbsp