BUILDING

Building

As per the National Building Code (NBC) of India-

A building is any structure for whatsoever purposes and of

whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether
used for human habitation or not

Includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimney, plumbing

and building services

Having fix platform, verandah, balcony or projections.

Any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and

signs and outdoor display structures is termed as building.

TYPES OF BUILDING
According to the NBC
of India, buildings
are classified, based
on occupancy are:

S. No.

Group Classification

Type of Building

1.

Group A

Residential Building

2.

Group B

Educational Building

3.

Group C

Institutional Building

4.

Group D

Assembly Building

5.

Group E

Business Building

6.

Group F

Mercantile Building

7.

Group G

Industrial Building

8.

Group H

Storage Building

9.

Group J

Hazardous Building

Group A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Those building in which sleeping accommodation is
provided for normal residential purposes, with or
without cooking or dining or both facilities.
Sub Divisions are:
Lodging or rooming houses.
One or Two family private dwellings.
Dormitories.
Apartment Houses (Flats)
Hotels

Group B EDUCATIONAL BUILDING

Building

which are used for School,

Colleges or day care purposes for more
than 8 hours per week involving
assembly for instruction, education or
recreation and which are not covered by
Group D.

Group C INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS

These

includes any building used for

medical purposes, care for a person
suffering from physical or mental
illness, care for infants or aged
persons in which the liberty of
inmates is restricted

Group D - ASSEMBLY BUILDING

These includes the building where the group of

peoples gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious and other similar purposes like
theatres, picture halls, auditorium, museum,
gymnasiums, restaurants, place of worship,
dance halls, passenger stations and terminals of
airport etc.

Group E - BUSINESS BUILDING

These includes any building or part of building which

is used for transaction of business for keeping of
accounts and records and similar purposes.

City halls, town halls and libraries are classified in this

group as the principal function of these buildings is
transaction of public business and keeping of books
and records.

Group F MERCANTILE BUILDING

These includes building or part of a building

which is used as shops, stores, markets for
display and sale of merchandise either
wholesale or retail.

Shopping malls, shopping complexes are come

into this category.

Group G INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

Buildings where products or materials of all

kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled
or process.

Assembly plants, Laboratories, power plants,

pumping stations, gas plants, refineries are such
type of building.

Group H STORAGE BUILDINGS

These includes a building or part of building

used for storage of goods, wares or merchandise
except those that involves highly combustible
or explosive products.

Warehouses, cold storages etc.

Group I HAZARDOUS BUILDING

Building which is used for storage and handling

or manufacturing of highly combustible or
explosive materials.

Oil depot, chemical storage buildings etc.

COMPONENTS OF
A
BUILDING

A Building ha two basic parts:

Sub structure or foundation.

Super Structure

Sub structure or Foundation

Sub-structure or Foundation is the lower portion

of building, usually located below the ground
level, which transmits the load of superstructure to the supporting soil.

A foundation is that part of structure which is in

direct contact with the ground to which the load
is transmitted.

Super - structure

Super structure is that part of structure which is above the ground

level, and which serves the purposes for which it is constructed.

A part of the super structure, located between the ground level and
the floor level is known as plinth.

Plinth is defined as the portion of structure between the surface of the

surrounding ground and surface of the floor, immediately above the
ground.

The level of floor is usually known as plinth level.

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

Foundations.
Masonry units: walls and columns.
Floor Structures.
Roof Structures.
Doors, Windows and other openings.
Vertical transportation structures: Stairs, Lifts, Ramps
etc.
Building Finishes: Plastering, Pointing, Painting etc.

DESIGN LOADS

Basic requirement of any structural component of a

building is that it should be strong enough to carry or
support all possible types of loads to which it is likely
to be subjected.
Loads coming on the structure may be of three types:

Dead Load.
Live Load and
Wind Load.

Dead Load:

Dead Load of a building comprises of the

weight of all:

Walls.
Partitions.
Floors and
Roofs.

It shall include the weights of all other

permanent construction in the building.

Live Loads:

Live Loads also called as super imposed loads,

consist of moving or variable loads, due to the:

People or occupants,
Furniture,
Temporary stores and
Machinery etc.

Wind Loads:

Wind loads in terms of wind pressure on the building is considered.

Wind denotes almost exclusively the horizontal building.

For the low rise building wind pressure is negligibly small but for
the high rise building it must be consider.

Wind pressure acts horizontally on the exposed vertical surfaces of

walls, columns etc.

Wind pressure or wind loading is expressed in terms of a basic pressure p which is

an equivalent static pressure in the direction of flow of wind.

The basic wind pressure is decided on the basis of local metrological data.

In absence of any data p is calculated as:

p = Kv2

p = wind pressure in kg/m2

V= wind velocity in kmph

k= a cofficient mainly depends upon the shape of structure and temperature of air.

NBC adopted k=0.006

A BUILDING IS DESIGNED FOR THE COMBINATION OF LOADS

FOUNDATION

Foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct

contact with the ground to which the loads are
transmitted.

The soil which is located immediately below the base of

the foundation is called as subsoil or foundation soil.

The lowermost portion of the foundation which is in

direct contact with sub-soil is called as footing.

FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION
1.

Reduction in load intensity.

2.

Even distribution of load.

3.

Provision of level surface.

4.

Lateral stability.

5.

Safety against undermining (scouring)

6.

Protection against soil movement.

1.Reduction in load intensity

Foundation distributes the loads of super

structure, to a larger area so that intensity of the
load at its base i.e. total load/total area does not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of the sub soil.

In case of deep foundation, it transmits the

super imposed load to the subsoil through side
friction.

2. Even Distribution of Load

Foundations distribute the non uniform load of

the superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.

Due to this unequal or differential settlement

can be minimised.

3. Provision of Level Surface

Foundation provides the level and hard surface

over which the superstructure can be built.

4. Lateral Stability

Foundation anchors the super structure to the

ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the
superstructure.

The stability of the building against sliding and

overturning, due to horizontal forces (wind and
earthquake) is increased due to foundation.

5. Safety Against Undermining

Foundation provides the structural safety

against scouring due to burrowing (Rats etc.)
and flood water.

6. Protection Against Soil Movement

Foundation prevents or minimise the distress or

cracks in the super-structure, due to expansion
or contraction of the sub-soil because of
moisture movement in some damp areas.

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD

FOUNDATION

The foundation shall be constructed to sustain the dead

and imposed load and transmit it to subsoil.

Foundation base should be rigid so that differential

settlement can be minimised when loads are not evenly
distributed.

Foundation should be taken sufficient deep to protect

the building against cracking by swelling or shrinkage
of sub-soil.

TYPES OF BUILDING FOUNDATION

FOUNDATION
DEEP FOUNDATION SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
Pile Foundation

Spread footing

1.Wall

footing

1.Column

footing or
Isolated footing
Cofferdam

Combined footing

Caisson

Cantilever footing
Grillage foundation
Raft or mat foundation

Spread Footing for wall

In such type of footing base of the member

transmitting the load to the soil made wider so
that it can distribute the load over larger area.

Offsets are provided in the footing so as the

depth increases, the load intensity reduces.

Offset is provided of 5 cm on both the sides

Shallow Foundation Spread Footing

Spread Footing are those which spread super imposed

load of wall or column over a large area.
It may be of following types:
Single footing for a column
Stepped footing for a column.
Sloped footing for a column.
Wall footing without step.
Stepped footing for wall.
Grillage foundation.

Stepped Footing

Spread Footing

Spread Footing

Sloped Footing

Grillage Foundation

Grillage Foundation

Raft Foundation

Raft or Mat Foundation

Deep Foundation - Pile Foundation

Group of Piles

END