Basics of Earthquake and

Provisions in
IS 1893(Part I): 2002

Karim M Pathan

What is EARTHQUAKES ?
An earthquake is the vibration of Earth
produced by the rapid release of energy
TYPES
Tectonic Earthquakes These occurs when
rocks breaks due to Geological forces.
Volcanic Earthquakes These occurs due
to Volcanic eruptions.
Earthquakes due to manmade causes like
Explosions etc.

Terminology
Focus and Epicenter
Focus is the point within Earth where the
earthquake starts.
Epicenter is the location on the surface
directly above the focus.

Faults
Faults are fractures in Earth where movement
has occurred.

Focus, Epicenter, and Fault

Terminology
Magnitude and Intensity
Magnitude The Quantitative measure of
earthquake. Depends on amount of strain
Energy released in fault rupture. Richter
Scale ( 5.0, 6.5 etc ).
Intensity The Qualitative measure of
earthquake. Modified Mercaili Scale ( I to XII ).

Energy Released
Energy Released in EQ of 1 Richter higher
magnitude is @ 32 times more than the
lower magnitude.

Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Convergent plate boundary

Divergent plate boundary
Transform plate boundary

ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY

Earthquake Arrival

EARTHQUAKE WAVES
Surface waves are seismic waves that
travel along Earths outer layer.
Body Waves that travel through Earth body
Identified as P waves or S waves
P waves
- Push-pull waves.
- Greatest Velocity and travel through Solid,
liquid and gas.
S waves
- Travel through outer layer of earth.
- Slower than P waves
- Travel through solids only.

EFFECTS OF SEISMIC WAVES

MEASUREMENT OF EARTHQUAKE
Seismographs are instruments that
record earthquake waves.
Seismograms are traces of amplified,
electronically recorded ground motion
made by seismographs.
A seismogram shows all three types
of seismic wavessurface waves, P
waves, and S waves.

SEISMOGRAPH

SEISMOGRAM

 Locating the Earthquake

Earthquake Distance
The epicenter is located using the difference
in the arrival times between P and S wave
recordings, which are related to distance.

Earthquake Location
Travel-time graphs from three or more
seismographs can be used to find the exact
location of an earthquake epicenter.

Locating an Earthquake

DAMAGE DUE TO EARTHQUAKES

The damage to buildings and other
structures from earthquake waves depends
on several factors.
1. Intensity and duration of the vibrations.
2. The nature of the material on which the
structure is built.
3. The design of the structure.

What happens to Structures ?

The Structures are subjected to horizontal acceleration
From Newtons
the building

Second Law horizontal force will act on

Fh = .M
Where, M = Mass of structure
= acceleration

NOTE:- FORCE DEPENDS ON MASS OF BUILDING

How to Calculate this horizontal force ?

ZONING MAP AS PER I.S. 1893 - 2002

EQ ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS
IS 1893 2002 Part 1 suggests following methods
for Seismic Analysis
i) Equivalent
(ESA)

Static

Analysis

ii) Dynamic Analysis

Response spectrum Analysis
Time History Analysis

For AURANGABAD Which building will

need

Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA) ?

Dynamic Analysis ?
Type of Building

Regular Building of height

less than 90 m
Irregular building of height
less than 40 m

Type of
Analysis
ESA
ESA

Equivalent Static Analysis is good

enough for most of the buildings

Step by step procedure for performing

Equivalent Static Analysis using IS 1893
(2002)

Step 1 :
Know the Seismic zone of building
location
Type soil
of soilstrata SPT Value
Know the
Rock or Hard soil

>30

Medium soil

30<N<15

Soft Soil

N < 10

Step 2 :
Calculate
building
Floor 2

the

weight

of

each

floor

of

Weight of beam + Slab + column and wall

Floor 1

Appropriate amount of LL to be added to

each floor
Refer Table 8 and IS 875 (Part II)

Step 3 :
Calculate the approximate fundamental
natural time period of vibration
For RCC moment resisting frame without brick
infill

Ta = 0.075h0.75
For RCC moment resisting frame with brick infill

Ta = 0.09 h/(d)0.5
h = Height of building(meter). For buildings
without
basement, h is to measured from foundation
level

Step 4 :
Read the value of Sa/g from response
spectra

Hard Soil
Medium soil
Soft Soil

3.00
2.50

Sa/g

2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0

2
3
Period (Sec)

Step 5 :
Calculate total lateral load on the building

ZI
Total lateral forceVB
(Sa / g)
2R
IMPORTANT:::
R = Response reduction factor
If you follow IS13920
5

R=

If you dont follow IS 13920

3

R=

Step 6 :
Calculate lateral load on each floor

Qi = VB

Wi h i2

Wi h i2

Qi = Lateral load on i
floor
Wi = Weight of ith floor
hi = Height of ith floor
(From foundation)
th

Q
2
Q
1

Qi is the load on entire plan of building

GL

Step 6 :
(Contd..)

Q
3

How much load to apply

on individual frame?

Q
2
Q
1

We want to do only plane

frame analysis ??

Step 7 :
To calculate lateral load on each frame
Each frame will take lateral load in
proportion
to its lateral stiffness
(This will be explained in the example)

This completes the seismic analysis as per

Equivalent Static Analysis method of IS 1893
(Part I):2002

Example:
Simple 2-Storey structure
C1

C1

C2

4.0 m

3.5 m

C2

C1

C2

C1

4.0 m

3.5 m
C1

C1
PL

3.5 m

3.5 m

C1
230x230 mm
C2
400x400 mm
Beams 230x350 mm
Slab 125mm thk.
PLAN

1.0m

3.5 m

3.5 m
ELEVATION

Step 1:
Regular Building of height less than 90 m hence
ESA can be done
Building is at Aurangabad hence Zone II
Zone factor = 0.1
Building resting on Hard soil
No walls are considered

Step 2:
Weight calculation:
Weight of slab
=
Weight of beams at one level
=
Weight of columns in one floor height =
Hence
W1 = Mass of 1st floor slab
+ Mass of beams at 1st floor level
+ mass of first story column
+ mass of GF columns
= 277.5 kN
W2 = Mass of top slab
+ Mass of beams at top floor
+ mass of first story columns
= 257.6 kN

153.1 kN
84.5 kN
39.9 kN

Considering Live Load:

W1 = 277.5 +(122.5 x 0.25)
= 308.2 kN
W2 = 257.6 kN (No live load on top floor)

Step 3
Fundamental Natural Period:
Ta = 0.075 x h0.75
= 0.075 x 9 0.75
= 0. 39 sec

Step 4

corresponding Sa/g = 2.50

Step 5
Horizontal seismic coefficient :
Ah = Z I (Sa/g)
2R
= 0.1x 1.0 x 2.5
2 x 5.0
= 0.025
Total Lateral force:
VB = Ah x W
= 0.025 x (W1 + W2)
= 0.025 x (308.2 + 257.6)
= 14.14 kN

Step 6
Q1 = VB x W1 h12 / (W1 h12 + w2h22)
= 14.14 x 308.2 x 52/(308.2x52+257.6x92)
h2

= 3.8 kN
h1

Q2 = VB x W2 h22 / (W1 h12 + w2h22)

= 14.14 x 308.2 x 52/(308.2x52+257.6x92)
= 10.3 kN

Total force on entire building at each floor

Frame C

Frame B

Frame A
10.3 kN
3.8 kN

Step 7
To calculate lateral stiffness of each frame

10.3 kN

10.3 kN

3.8 kN

3.8 kN

Frame A & C

Frame B

Step 7(Contd..)
Deflection of frame A &C = 1.56mm
Deflection of frame B = 0.41 mm
Stiffness of A & C = (10.3 + 3.8)/1.56
K1= 9.03
Stiffness of B = ( 10.3 + 3.8)/0.41
K2 = 34.4
K1/K2 =0.27
Divide the total lateral load in
proportion to stiffness of each
frame

Frame C
Frame B
Frame A

Step 7(Contd..)
K1

K2

K1
K1/K2 = 0.27
Load on Frame A = P. K1/(2K1 + K2)
Load on Frame B = P. K2/(2K1 + K2)
Load on Frame C = Same as on Frame A

Frame C

Frame B

Frame A

Step 7(Contd..)
Final loads on each frame
1.8 kN

6.7kN

0.67 kN

3.13 kN

Frame A & C

Frame B

Once force on each frame is found, it can be Analysed by suitable method

Questions ?

Thank You