Finite Element Method

: ;



1954
Argris J.H.

1955 Turner
M.J. Clough R.W.

1960 Finite
Element







1964 Besseling J.F.


SAP
ADINA
NASTRAN
ANSYS
ANSYS

10

11

12

1.

m nP
Q
S lim
A0 A
S
S

m-n

13


P P P
P xoy,yoz,zox
P 9
6

zx

x xy xz

yx y yz
zx zy z

xy yx

zy

yz
y

xz x
xy yx
z

yz zy zx xz

ij

x
y

14

P P

15

16

zx

k2

yz

yx

zx
dz
z

zy

k3

xy

dz

xz

x x dx
x
dx

z
dz
z

k1

xz
dx
x
xz

xy
k3

zy

xy
x

zy
z

k1

dx

dz

yz

yz
y

k2

yx

yx
y

dy

y
dy

y
y

dy

dy

zx

17

1.

1) M c 0

y
y

yx

xy

dx
( xy
dx)dy
x
2
dx
xy dy
2
yx
dy
( yx
dy )dx
y
2
dy
yx dx 0
2
xy yx

dy
yx
y

dy

xy

dy

xy
x

xy

dx

dx

x
dx
x

yx
y

y
x

18

2) Fx Fy 0

yx
x
( x
dx)dy x dy ( yx
dy )dx yx dx Xdxdy 0
x
y
x yx

X 0
x
y
xy y

Y 0
x
y
(3)
x xy xz

X 0
x
y
z
yx y yz

Y 0
x
y
z
zx zy z

Z 0
x
y
z

19


ij
Xi 0
x j

ij , j X i 0

20

21

22

2. 6

u0

u
dy
y

c1

u0

v
v0 dy
y

1
d

b1

a1

v0

v0

dy

a(x,y)

d1

dx

b(x+dx,y)

u0
5-4

v
dx
x

u
dx
x

23

u
u 0 ( )dx u 0
u u0
u

x
x

dx
dx
x

24

 x

y
z

xy

yz

zx

u
v

x
y
v
w

y
z
w u

x
y

z
0

u
z v

0 w

y

x

A f
A
25

3.

1
1 1

1
1
1

E (1 ) 1 1

(1 )(1 2 ) 0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

x

y
z

xy

yz
zx

1 2
2(1 )

1 2
2(1 )

0
0

y

z
xy

yz

zx

1 2

2(1 )

26

0 D 0
D 0
D 0

27

4.
S = S F + SU

1) SF

Ti ij l j

SF

Ti
Tx , Ty , Tz
l j T
2) SU

SU

ui ui

6 6 3
15 3
6 6 15

28

q(u, v, w)

2
3

29


1.

1
dU ( x x y y z z xy xy yz yz xz xz )
2

1
1
T
U dU dV dV
2 V
2 V
V

30


2.

W
U

W U

31

3.

U W

minmin

ui

ui

U W

32

4.

1908

ai (i 1,2,
a
i

i=1 2

0
n
33
ai


1.

z
F
F

z zy zx 0

z ( x y )
E

zx zy 0

u
x
v
y

x yx
x

X 0

y xy Y 0
xy u v
y
x

y D
1 2

0
xy

1
0

0
0
1

34

y

xy

2.

z yz xz 0

z
x

yz zx 0 z ( x y )

x yx

X 0

y
x

y xy Y 0
y
x

u
x
v
y

xy

u v
y x

E( 1 )

y
( 1 )( 1 2 ) 1
xy

1
1
0

x

0
y
1 2 xy

2( 1 )

35

1.
2.
3.
1
2
3
4.
5.

36


1
u1

1
u1

u2
2

v1

u2
2

a)

b)
w2

z2
w1

u2
x

y v2
2

z1
u1

v2

y v1

c)
5-7

37

2
v3
3
v1
u1

u3

u4

v2
2

u2

u1
v1

a)

v3

v4
4

u3
u2
v2

b)

38

3.
3

x1

x1

1
1

w1

w1

y1

y1

b}

a}

x1

x1

u1
u1
1
v1

w1

y1
c}

v1

w1

y1
d}

39

 4.
8

4
7

a)

3
5

b)

c)

5-10

40

3
4

6
1

2
2

20

41

6.

A( x, r , )

o
x

z
z

42

43

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

44

5
6
7
8

9
( )

45

46


1
y

47


3.2.2

1)

vj
j

2)
3)

u 1 2 x 3 y

vm

v 4 5 x 6 y

i,j, m

uj

vi
i

um
x

1 , 2 ...; u , v
N i ui N j u j N mum
u
f

v
N
v

N
v

N
i i
j j
m vm
1
Ni
ai bi x ci y , i i, j , m
2A
1 xi
yi
1
A 1 xj
y j
2
1 xm ym

48

ui


ai x j ym xm y j

bi yi ym

i, j.m i, j , m

ci ( x j xm )

d T ui

vi

Ni
N
0

0
Ni

uj
Nj
0

vj
0
Nj

um

vm
Nm
0

0
N m

u
f N d
v

1
x
x2

y
xy

y2

49

50

51

p
i
1
m

i
5-17

x
5-18

52

x y

bi

1
0

2A
ci

B Bi

Bj

bj

bm

ci
bi

0
cj

cj
bj

0
ci

cm d B d
bm

bi
1
Bm , Bi
0

2A
ci

0
ci (i, j , m)
ci

53

D D B q e S q e

54

q F
*e

*T

dV

q F
*e

*eT

B D B q
T

dV

q *e F e q *eT ( B T D B dV ) q e
V

k q
e

55

At Bi

Bj

k ii

k ji
k mi

k ij
k jj
k mj

D B dV dxdyt B D B At B D B
T

Bm

Si

Sj

S m

k im

k jm
k mm

6 6

krs Br T D Bs tA 2 2
t A
56


k ij

Fi e

k ii

e
F

j
k ji
Fe
k mi

k ij
k jj
k mj

k im qie

k jm q ej
k mm q me

Fi e k ii qie k ij q ej k im q me
e
e
e
q

0
,
q
m
j 1
i

Fi e k ij

j
i

57

58

59

60

i n

61


1 2 3

F11
k111
1
1
F

2
k 21
1
F1

k
3
31

k121
1
k 22
1
k 32

k131
1
k 23

1
k 33

q11
1
q2
q1
3

k111

1
1
F
2
k 21
1
1
F3 k 31

0
0

0
0

k121

k131

1
k 22

1
k 23

1
32

1
33

k
0

k
0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

F11

q1
q 2

q3
q4
q5

62

...
1
kij

k ji

k jj

K e

kii
k mi

k mj

kim

k jm K e 2 N 2 N
k mm

i...

j ... m ... N

0... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0

0 ... k ... k ... k ... 0
ii
ij
im

0 ... k ji ... k jj ... k jm ... 0

...
... k ... k ... 0
0
k
mi
mj
mm

0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0

63

1
i
j
m
N

 F12

k112

0
0

F32 k 312
2
2
F4
k 41

0
0

0 k132

k142

0 0
0 k 332
0 k 432

0
k 342
k 442

0

0

0

0

q1
q 2

q3
q4

q5

0
0 0
F3
0 k3
22
2

3
3
F3 0 k 32

0
0 0
3
0 k 523
F5

0
3
k 23
k 333
0

3
53

0
3
0 k 25

3
0 k 35

0 0

q1
q
2
q3
q
4

0 k q5
3
55

4
F3

F4

44

F5

0 0

0 0 0
0 0 k 334

0
k 344

0 0 k 434

k 444

0 0 k 534

k 544

0
0
k 354

q1
q
2
q3

k 454 q 4

4
k 55 q5

64

R1 F11 F12 F13 F14

R2 F21 F22 F23 F24

R3 F31 F32 F33 F34

R4 F41 F42 F43 F44

R5 F51 F52 F53 F54

R1
R
2

k111 k112

1
k 21

1
R3 k 31
k 312

R4
k 412

R5
0

k121

k131 k132

k142

1
3
k 22
k 22

1
3
k 23
k 23

1
k 32
k 323
0

1
k 33
k 332 k 333 k 334
k 432 k 434

k 342 k 344
k 442 k 444

k 523

k 533 k 534

k 544

K q R

q1

3
k 25
q 2
k 353 k 354 q3

4
k 45 q 4

3
4
k 55 k 55 q5
0

65

66

P cc * Pi vi* Pj v *j Pm v m* Pi

Pj
y

c*

vi* 1

c
Pm
m

bc
Pi P cc P
bi
*

5-20

i
Pi

67

j
l

Pi
j

li

li
Pj P
l

Pm 0

m
x

lj

plt
P
sin
2

j
l

mx

l
3

R plt sin 2
2
3

0
0 0 0
3

68


1 1
qi q

K 11
K
21
...

0
...

K n1

K 12
K 22
...
0
...
K n2

...
...
...
...
...
...

0
0
...
1
...
0

... K 1n q1
R1 K 1i q
R K q
... K 2 n q 2
2i
2

... ...

... 0 qi
q

... ...

Rn K ni q
... K nn q n

69

K ii 1020

Ri 1020 K ii q

7.

70


1.
2.
3.
4. e = 1,2,3,,n /
;
5. k =1,2,3,,N
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Mises

71


1.
2. (
)

B 2( d 1) , l

3.
4.
6.
7.

F K d

72


1.

2.
1
2
3.

4.
5.

73

74

75

76

A( x, r , )

o
x

z
z

77

vj

uj

vi
vm

um

ui

78





4.1
4.1.1

P ( r , z , )

r zr

Xr 0
zw
r
z
y
z zr zr
ru

Xz 0
u

z
r
r
x

4.1.2
r
r

r
w A A N d B d
w
z

z
rz

u w
79
z r

2 r v 2r v

2r
r

80


4.1.3

r

D
z
rz

E (1 )
D
(1 )(1 2 )

1
1

1
0

1 2
2(1 )

81


4.2

1.
ijm z 360
2.

d e

di

dj

d
m
us
d s , s i, j , m
ws

82


3.

u 1 2 r 3 z
w 4 5r 6 z
i, j, m
1 , 2 ...; u , w
N i ui N j u j N m u m
u
f

w
N
w

N
w

N
w
i i

j
j
m m
1
ai bi r ci z , i i, j, m
Ni
2A
1 ri
zi
1
A 1 r j z j
2
1 rm z m

83


ai r j z m rm z j

bi zi z m

i, j.m i, j , m

ci (r j rm )

d T ui

vi

Ni
N
0

0
Ni

uj
Nj
0

vj

um

0
Nj

vm
Nm
0

0
N m

u
f N d
v
4. z
0 bm
0
bi 0 b j

f j cj
f m cm
1 f i ci
d B d

ci 0
cj 0
cm
2A 0
c

b
c
b
c
b
i
i
j
j
i
m

fs

as

bs

cs z

, s i, j , m

84


r 0f

1),
1
r r ri r j rm
3
1
z z zi z j z m
3

as
c z
bs s s i, j , m
B
r
r

N
2) rN i ,r i B
0 r bm
0
bi 0 b j
bm 0
1 bi 0 b j 0

B
cj 0
cm
2 A 0 ci 0
ci bi c j b j ci bm

fs

85


4.3
4.3.1

K e V B D B dV 0 S B T D B rddrdz
K e 2 S B T D B rdrdz
2

4.3.2
4.3.3

Fe

S Fe

N T T dS V N T X dV 2r N T P

2 N T rdl 2 N
T

Q e V e R e

X rdrdz 2r N T P
86

1.

V e 2 N X rdrdz 2 N
T

rdrdz

2 r

2.

V e 2 N X rdrdz 2 N
T

rdrdz

3.

Q e 2 N T T rdl
4.

R e 2r N T P
5.

R e 2 B T 0 rdrdz 2 B T D 0 rdrdz
2 B D T 1 1 1 0 rdrdz
T

87

88

89

90

91

1 2
3

4
7
3

4
1 7

3
8
x N i xi
6
y

y N i yi
u N i ui

v N i vi

5
1

1
2

x
8

92


1
(1 )(1 )( 1)
4
1
(1 )(1 )( 1)
4
1
(1 )(1 )( 1)
4
1
(1 )(1 )( 1)
4
1
(1 2 )(1 )
2
1
(1 )(1 2 )
2
1
(1 2 )(1 )
2
1
(1 )(1 2 )
2

N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N5
N7
N8

N i
1N i i1
N
i j , j
i j 1;

2N i 0
N
i j , j
i j 0;
8

3) N i ( , ) 1
i 1

93

B d B1
N s,x
Bs 0
N s, y

N s, y

N s,x
, x

N
s, y

, y

...

0
us

N s, y , d s
; s i, j , m
v
s
N s , x

N s
N s

N s
N s

N s,x

B2

d1
d

B8 2
...
d 8

N s

N s

N s , , x N s ,, x
x

N s , , y N s ,, y
y

, x N s ,
1 N s ,
J

, y N s ,
N
s ,

94

, x

, x
1

J
, y
J

, y
y,
x,
J

x, y,
x,
y,
J

x, y,

x N i xi
y N i yi

N1

J N
1

N 2

N 2

N n
...

N n
...

y2
...

xn

yn

x1
x
2
...

y1

95

96

97

K e B D B tdxdy 1 1 B T D B t J dd
1 1

Q e N T T tds
Q e 1 N T T t
1

E x, y,
2

E d

98

V e N T X tdxdy
V e 1 1 N T X t J dd
1 1

R e N T P
T x
Px
Xx
P , X , T
T y
Py
Xy

5.1.5

f ( )d H i f ( i )

1 1

1 1

i 1

f ( , )dd H i H j f ( i , j )
i 1 j 1

i , H i

99

1 7

y
8

5
1

1
2

6
1

100


5.1.6
1.

u 1 2 x 3 y
ui 1 2 xi 3 yi
u N i u i N i (1 2 xi 3 yi )
1 N i 2 N i x i 3 N i y i
1 2 x 3 y

2.

u N i u i
Ni

0u1,5,2

i 1
5
2

x101


5.2
5.2.1

r N i ri u N i ui
,

z N i zi w N i wi

d1
d
2

5.2.2

B d B1
0
N s ,r
Ns

0
Bs r

0
N
s,z

N s , z N s ,r

, x , x
N s ,r

N
,
y
,
y
s
,
z

B8

B2

...

,ds

us

; s i, j , m
ws

...
d 8

N s ,
1 N s ,

N
N
s
,

s
,

102

r
Ni
rN i ,r
r
r 0

K e V B D B dV
T

K e 2 S B D B rdrdz
T

B
S D B rddrdz
T

D B r J dd
B
1 1

1 1

Fe

S Fe

N T T dS V N T X dV 2r N T P

2 N T rdl 2 N
T

Q e V e R e

X rdrdz 2r N T P
103

( , ) B
( , ) ( x, y )

104

1.
1

105

2.

a)

b)

5-31

106

(a)

(b)

5-32

(c)

107

3.

a)

b)

108

a)

b)

109


1.

110

2.

l/n(n )

111

112

113

114

115

4.
5.
6.

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138


ADINA
ANSYS
NASTRAN/PATRAN
MSC/MARC
139

ANSYS

/ / /

CAD/CAE
CATIA IDEAS SolidWK PROE
UG
140

 ( )
MCAE
Mechanical

/
/

141

 LS-DYNA

142

 Motion
Fe-safe

143

 CFD
CFX
ANSYS Structure ANSYS Emag

144

 CART3D
CFX
10

145

 CEM

EMAG

146

 Multiphysics
Multiphysics

AUTODYN

147

AWE ANSYS Workbench

Environment
CAD / / CAE CAE

Catia
ANSYS
Pro/E
UG
SolidWK
IDEAS

NASTRAN
CAE CFX

Fluent
FEKO

Workbench

148

100N
100N

100N

7
6

100N

20

3
2

10
5-38

o1

6
4

1
x

5-39

149


1
(1) 8
9 5-39
oxy
(2) 1

b1 y 2 y 3 0 10 10
b2 y 3 y1 10 0 10

b3 y1 y 2 0 0 0
c1 x 2 x3 5 5 0
c 2 x3 x1 5 0 5

c3 x1 x 2 0 5 5

150

ai x j y m x m y j

bi y j y m

i,j,m
5-19

ci x j x m

151

1 x1
1
A 1 x2
2
1 x3

y1
1 0 0
1
y 2 1 5 0 25
2
y3
1 5 10

b1

1
2A

c1

b2

c1
b1

c2

b3

c2
b2

c3

10 0 0 0
10 0
1

c3
0
0
0

5
0
5

50
0
b3
10 5 10 5 0

E
3.0 1011

D
1
0
2

1
1 0.3 2
1
0 0

1 0.3
0 .3 1

0
0
1 0.3

152

 5-28

0
3.2967

0
1.1538

k AtB DB
1

- 3.2967 0.4945
0
- 0.4945
0.5769 - 1.1538 - 0.5769
0
3.5852 - 1.0714 - 0.2885 0.4945
1.9780

0.5769
0.2885

11

10

- 0.8242
0

0.8242
1
ext

153

 3.2967

0
3.2967 0.4945
0
0.4945
1.1538 0.5769 1.1538 0.5769
0
3.5852 1.0714 0.2885 0.4945
1.9780
0.5769 0.8242
0.2885
0
0.8242

1
ext

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
k ext

18 18

(1 2 3)

154

(3) 8

e
K k ext
e 1

(4)
1 2 5

q1
q
2

u1

v1

u2

v2

u3

0 0 0 u3

v3

u4

v4

0 0 u9

q181

q 9

v3

u4

v4

u5
v9

v5 u 9

v9
T

155

(5) 9
x y
F1
F
2

F181

F9

Fx1

F y1

Fx 2

Fy 2

Fx 3

Fy 3

Fx 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100

Fy 4

Fx 5

Fy 5 Fx 9

Fy 9

156

(6)

1
5-31 1 2 5
1 2 3 4 9 10
1 0
1 2 3 4 9 10 0

157

(7)
B

x
D

y
xy

y xy z
x
z

z ( x y )
E

158