CHAPTER 7

LIGHT,
COLOUR AND
SIGHT

OBJECTIVES
State

the characteristics of images

formed by a plane mirror.
State the characteristics of images
formed by a convex lens.
State the characteristics of images
formed by a concave lens.

Image formation by a
plane mirror

The plane mirror will produce

an image of the object on the
opposite side of the mirror.

An object is positioned in front of

a plane mirror

The distance from the object to

the mirror equals the distance
from the image to the mirror.

The Law of Reflection

 In

the diagram, the ray of light

approaching the mirror is known as the
incident ray (labelled I in the diagram).

The

ray of light that leaves the mirror is

known as the reflected ray (labelled R in
the diagram).

At

the point of incidence where the ray

strikes the mirror, a line can be drawn
perpendicular to the surface of the
mirror. This line is known as a normal
line (labeled N in the diagram)..

 The

normal line divides the angle

between the incident ray and the
reflected ray into two equal angles

The

angle between the incident ray and

the normal is known as the angle of
incidence. The angle between the
reflected ray and the normal is known
as the angle of reflection.

How you see the image?

Check Understanding
1.

Consider the diagram at the right. Which

one of the angles (A, B, C, or D) is the angle
of incidence? Which one of the angles is the
angle of reflection?

A ray of light is incident towards a

plane mirror at an angle of 30-degrees
with the mirror surface. What will be the
angle of reflection?

7.1.1 Images Formed by

Plane Mirror
Virtual
image
Laterall
y
inverted

Upright

Same
distance

Same
size

Virtual Image

Same Distance

Same Size

Upright

Laterally Inverted

Have
fun..
VIDEO

7.1.2 Images Formed by

Lenses

1. Convex Lens

2. Concave Lens

7.1.3 Study of Lens

Convex Lens

What are the

characteristic of image
formed by convex lens???

Ray Diagrams
(Convex Lens)
1)

2)
3)

Draw a path of light ray from the top

of the object parallel to the principal
axis, to the vertical line at the centre
of the lens.
Draw a path of light ray passing
through the focal point, F.
Draw the second part of the light ray
passing through the optical centre, O.

1. Object, u > 2F

Image
Formed
Real
Inverted
Diminished

Optical
Instrumen
t
Camera

2. Object, u = 2F

Image
Formed
Real
Inverted
Same size

Optical
Instrumen
t
Photostate
machine

3. Object, 2F > u > F

Image
Formed
Real
Inverted
Enlarged

Optical
Instrumen
t
Slide projector
Microscope

4. Object, u = F

Image
Formed
Infinity

Optical
Instrumen
t
Spotlight

4. Object, u < F

Image
Formed
Virtual
Upright
Enlarged

Optical
Instrumen
t
Magnifying
glass

What

can u say about the

relationship between the
types of image (real or
virtual) and the distance of
the object from the convex
lens?

Concave Lens
Has

a thin middle part with thicker

ends
Disperse/ diverge light

 Light

is refracted outward away from

principal axis
Characteristics of image: virtual,
upright, smaller than object

Ray Diagram
(Concave lens)

1
3

Optical terminologies
Optical terms

Symbo Meaning
l
Optical centre
O
The point in the middle of
the lens
Principal axis
The straight line that
passes through the optical
centre
Focal point
F
The point on the principal
axis through which parallel
light rays will be converged
or diverged

Optical terms Symbol Meaning

Focal length
f
The distance between the
focal point, F and the
optical centre, O
Object
distance

The distance between the

object and optical centre, O

Image
distance

The distance between the

image and optical centre, O

Let us compare!!!
Properties of
image
Real or virtual

Convex lens
-Real

if u > f
-Virtual if u < f

Concave lens
Virtual

Upright or inverted

-Inverted if the image Upright

is real
Upright if image is
virtual

The size of image

compared to size of
object

Larger or smaller
than object depend
on the u

Smaller than object