Hematology Immunology

Hematology/Immunology
Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Figure 1. Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes. Many of the
se red blood cells contain Heinz bodies (several indic
ated by arrowheads). These inclusions consist of oxid
ized, denatured hemoglobin and are irregularly round a
nd more lightly staining than the adjacent cytoplasm.
While located within the RBC cytoplasm, these inclusio
ns often push the cell membrane away from the surface
of the cell, as seen here. At times these inclusions
will, instead, be visible on the RBC surface. Two of t
he RBCs in this image also have the cap of clear cytop
lasm and displaced hemoglobin typical of eccentrocytes
. This abnormality is caused by oxidation of the RBC
membrane. This blood was collected from a dog with zi
nc toxicity. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 100x
Figure 2. Heinz bodies and reticulocyte. Seven red bl
objective).
ood cells contain Heinz bodies (2 indicated by arrows)
. With new methylene blue, these inclusions stain ligh
t blue. Vital dyes, such as new methylene blue, can h
elp to highlight these inclusions, which can be easily
overlooked in a routine blood smear stained with a Ro
manovsky-type stain such as Wright stain. A
reticulocyte is also shown. The aggregated ribosomes

stain more intensely than the oxidized hemoglobin.
(Canine blood smear; new methylene blue, 100x objecti
ve).
Figure 3. Mycoplasma haemofelis.
Many of the RBCs have one or more of small, blue
Mycoplasma haemofelis
organisms attached to their membranes. These epicellu
lar organisms are either round (coccoid), rod-shaped,
or ring-shaped. Stain precipitate can mimic the cocco
id and rod-shaped organisms, but the ring forms are mo
re definitive. A ring-shaped organism can be more eas
ily seen in the higher magnification inset in the lowe
r right corner. (Feline blood smear; Wright stain, 10
0x
objective).
Figure
4. Mycoplasma haemocanis.
Several RBCs have these small, coccoid organism attac
hed to their membranes. Unlike M. haemofelis, in the
dog these organisms often form chains across the RBC
surface, which sometimes branch or appear Y-shaped.
This arrangement can be seen more easily in the high
er magnification insets in the upper and lower left c
orners. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 100x obje
ctive).
Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Edited by Larry Patrick Tilley and Francis W. K. Smith, Jr. 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Figure 5. Babesia canis. This blood is from an anemic
dog with Babesia canis. These large babesia organs
are 2-5 um and appear as irregularly round to oval,
lightly basophilic structures with an eccentric, dark
pink-purple nucleus. RBCs in this sample contain
only a single organism, but in some cases organisms
will be paired or as tetrads. These parasite induce
formation of proteins that make RBCs sticky leading
to RBC clumping, as shown in inset (lower left corner)
and sludging in capillary beds. Increased numbers of
parasitized RBCs may be found in blood collected
from a capillary bed, such as the ear top or nail.
Examination of a buffy coat preparation can help
identify infected RBCs. (Canine blood smear; Wright
stain, 100x objective).
Figure 6. Babesia gibsoni.
Two red blood cells, indicated by arrows, contain B.
gibsoni merozoites. These organism are much smaller
than
B. canis
and appear as small (1-3 um), pale blue ring forms, w
ith a pinpoint purple nucleus. One of the organisms i
s shown at higher magnification in the inset located i
n the upper right corner. These organisms are often pr
esent in low numbers and infected RBCs may be
concentrated along the feathered edge of the smear. I

ncreased numbers of parasitized RBCs may be found in b
lood collected from a capillary bed, such as the ear t
op or nail. Examination of a buffy coat preparation c
an also help identify infected RBCs. (Canine blood sme
ar; Wright stain, 100x objective).
Figure 7. Cytauxzoon felis. Several RBCs contain
Cytauxzoon felis
merozoites. These protozoa are light blue and from 15 um in diameter. Most of the organisms shown here ha
ve the typical signet ring appearance, with an eccentr
ic purple nucleus at one end of an oval. Although not
shown here, in some cases the organisms will have chro
matin bodies on both ends of the end, producing a saf
ety pin appearance. In the tissues (e.g. spleen, live
r, lymph node, bone marrow), protozoan schizonts infec
t and fill macrophages found within and surrounding bl
ood vessels. (Feline blood smear; Wright stain, 100x
objective).

Figure 8. Spherocytes. Multiple spherocytes are show Figure 9. Polychromasia and nucleated RBCs. This blood sm
ear shows a regenerative response to hemolytic anemia caus
n in this image (several indicated by arrows), along
with two large blue-tinged polychromatophils. Spheroc ed by oxidative injury (Heinz body indicated by arrowhead)
ytes form when they lose a portion of membrane, preve . With routine Romanovsky-type stains (e.g. Wright stain)
, polychromasia is the hallmark of a regenerative response
nting them from maintaining their normal discoid shap
. Polychromatophils have blue-grey cytoplasm because of r
e. As a result, these cells appear spherical and den
ibosomes, which are lost as the cell matures. They are sl
se, without central pallor, and smaller than normal,
ightly larger than mature RBCs, and, as a result of their
mature erythrocytes. Spherocytes are more readily id
increased volume, these cells often have membrane folds th
entified in dogs than in cats, since canine RBCs norm
at can sometimes result in a target cell appearance. These
ally have prominent central pallor (about 1/3 of the
cells are equivalent to reticulocytes, produced when vita
diameter of the RBC). Spherocytes are most often pro l dyes such as new methylene blue or cresyl green cause cl
umping of ribosomes. With a regenerative response to anem
duced when macrophages remove antibody-coated membran
es, as part of immune-mediated hemolysis. However, t ia, polychromatophils/reticulocytes may be accompanied by
hey can also be produced through removal of Heinz bod NRBCs, basophilic stippling, and Howell-Jolly bodies. NRB
ies, along with the adjacent membrane, or after RBC f Cs have blue-grey cytoplasm, similar to or slightly darker
than that seen in polychromatophils. Their nuclei are rou
ragmentation as a result of either vascular disorders
nd and often eccentric, with very condensed, dark purple c
(e.g. thromboembolic disease, vasculitis, glomerulon
hromatin. It is unclear why NRBCs are released from the b
ephritis, splenic disease, or liver disease) or intri
one marrow during a regenerative response, but it is possi
nsic RBC disorders (e.g. iron deficiency). Normal can
ble that this reflects hypoxic injury to marrow stroma or
ine erythrocytes may resemble spherocytes along the f endothelial cells, or is the result of extramedullary hema
eathered edge of the blood smear or in smears that ha topoiesis. When NRBCs are present without adequate polych
ve a thick background as a result of lipemia or hyper
romasia/reticulocytosis, an underlying bone marrow injury
(e.g. lead toxicity, effect of chemotherapy, heat stroke,
globulinemia.
bone marrow neoplasia), or splenic disease should be consi
dered. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Topic - Anemia, Nonregenerative
Figure 2. Hypochromasia. This blood, from an iron defi

cient dog, shows two populations of erythrocytes. Som
Figure 1. Cytauxzoon felis. Several RBCs contain
e, including one indicated by an arrowhead, appear mor
Cytauxzoon felis
merozoites. These protozoa are light blue and from 1- phologically normal, with an area of central pallor co
5 um in diameter. Most of the organisms shown here ha mprising approximately 1/3 of the diameter of the cell
. Other erythrocytes are visibly hypochromic (some in
ve the typical signet ring appearance, with an eccentr
dicated by arrows), with a much wider area of central
ic purple nucleus at one end of an oval. Although not
shown here, in some cases the organisms will have chro pallor and a lighter staining periphery due to a decre
matin bodies on both ends of the end, producing a saf ased amount of hemoglobin. Hypochromic erythrocytes c
an be present in animals with iron deficiency or deran
ety pin appearance. In the tissues (e.g. spleen, live
r, lymph node, bone marrow), protozoan schizonts infec gements in iron metabolism, such as liver disease, ane
t and fill macrophages found within and surrounding bl mia of inflammation/cancer. Torocytes, punched out loo
king erythrocytes, with accentuated areas of central p
ood vessels. (Feline blood smear; Wright stain, 100x
allor making them resemble donuts, can sometimes be mi
objective).
staken for hypochromic erythrocytes. However, torocyte
s can be distinguished from true hypochromic RBCs by t
heir dark staining peripheral cytoplasm, similar to th
at of the normal erythrocytes. Torocytes are usually
due to a preparation artifact and have no clinical sig
nificance. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 50x obje
ctive).

Figure 3. Codocytes (target cells).
relatively nonspecific finding, increased numbers can
This smear contains an increased number of RBCs wibe seen following splenectomy, or with iron deficiency
th a target-like appearance. This is caused by an
, liver disease, renal disease or conditions that caus
extra, round, outfolding of membrane in the middl e hypercholesterolism (e.g. hypothyroidism). Since po
e of the cell, along with the enclosed hemoglobin.
lychromatophils are larger than normal and hypochromic
This fold is surrounded by an area of pallor tha
, they often take on the appearance of a target cell.
t separates it from the peripheral hemoglobin. Th
This blood sample was collected from a dog with chole
is abnormality is caused by excess RBC membrane restatic liver disease. (Canine blood smear; Wright sta
lative to the amount of hemoglobin, either due to
in, 50x and 100x objective).
membrane lipid changes or decreased hemoglobin. W
hile target cells can be a

Topic- Anemia, Heinz Body
Figure 1. Heinz B 100 x: Blood smear, feline. Modified
Wrights 100 x. Note the obvious Heinz bodies that
protrude from the side of some of the erythrocytes
(arrows). Also note the more occult, somewhat
refractile Heinz bodies in some cells (arrowheads). Th
e anisocytosis, polychromasia, and metarubricyte sugge
st increased erythropoiesis.
Figure 2. Heinz NMB 100 x: Blood smear, feline. New
methylene blue 100 x. Note the many Heinz bodies
present in the erythrocytes (arrows). New methylene
blue can be extremely useful in enumerating Heinz
bodies that are hard to see using Romanowsky stains
(e.g. small, occult Heinz bodies or marked poikilocytos
is present).
Topic-Anemia, Metabolic (Anemias with Spiculated
Red Cells)
a ruffled surface) is seen at right center. Wrights stai

n 100 X.
Topic-Anemia, Nonregenerative
Figure 1. Hypochromic RBCs have a wider zone of
central pallor, with a pale, washed out-looking perip
hery. The presence of hypochromic RBCs suggests iron
deficiency. Iron-deficient RBCs are fragile and may
fragment, resulting in schistocytes. Early iron defic
iency due to blood loss tends to produce a regenerati
ve anemia. However, once iron stores are depleted, a
nemia
becomesNuclear
nonregenerative.
Topic-Anemia,
Maturation Defects
(Anemia, Megaloblastic)
Figure 1. A large megaloblastic nucleated red blood ce

ll is seen at upper left center. The cytoplasm is matu
re and relatively well hemoglobinized (polychromatophi
lic), but the nucleus is large and quite immature with
an open (stippled) chromatin. This is nuclear/cytopla
Figure 1. Blood film from a dog with hemangiosarcoma inv
smic asynchrony. A more typical nucleated red cell wit
olving the liver. Several acanthocytes (red cells with 2
h a similar degree of cytoplasmic hemoglobinization bu
10 glovelike or fingerlike projections from their surfa
t a much more mature nearly pyknotic nucleus is seen a
ce) are seen scattered in the field. Wrights stain 100
t upper right. Wrights stain. 100 X.
X.
Figure 2. Blood film from a dog with glomerulonephritis.
A burr cell (elongated red cell with

Topic- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Topic- Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Figure 1. Neutrophils from a cat with Chediak-Higashi

syndrome.
Figure 1. Components of micturition reflex. The major

higher control center for voiding control is the pontine
micturition center. It receives cortical and thalamic i
Topic- Coagulation Factor Deficiency
nput permitting voluntary control as well as cerebellar
Figure 1. Algorithm for clotting factor deficiencies. L
, basal ganglia, and hypothalamic input for modulating
ong indicates prolongation beyond 1.5 to 2 times the as inhibition during the storage phase. Spinal cord segmen
say mean.
ts L1-L4 in the dog and L2-L5 in the cat provide fibers
Topic- Cyclic Hematopoiesis
to sympathetic nuclei projecting to the hypogastric ne
rve, and sacral segments S1-S3 provide fibers to parasy
Figure 1. Tricolor collie, smooth coat.
mpathetic nuclei projecting to the pelvic nerve. Somat
Figure 2. Tricolor collie, smooth coat with dilute coat
ic nuclei, mainly located in S1, provide fibers to the
color.
pudendal nerve. The hypogastric nerve provides postgang
Figure 3. Color-dilute sable and tricolor collie puppies. lionic branches via the caudal mesenteric ganglia to ad
renergic neuroreceptors in the urinary bladder (-adren
Topic- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
ergic) and urethra (-adrenergic). Sensation of stretc
Figure 1. Feline blood, 100x objective, Modified
h or irritation of the urinary bladder is transmitted t
Wright stain. Hypereosinophilic syndrome. Four
o the higher neural centers mainly via pelvic nerve gan
morphologically normal (one partially lysed) osinophil
glia and the pelvic nerve. The sensation of pain and ov
s
erdistention are transmitted to the higher centers via
with two neutrophils. Courtesy of Craig Thompson.
the hypogastric nerve. The sensation of flow and stretc
h arising in the urethral musculature are transmitted t
o the sacral spinal cord via the pudendal nerve. (NE: N
orepinephrine, ACh: Acetylcholine, : -adrenergic rece
ptors, : -adrenergic receptors)

Topic- Methemoglobinemia
Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 1. The result of a spot test for

Figure 1. Toxic neutrophils (Kenneth S. Latimer).
methemoglobinemia is shown. One drop of blood from
Figure 2. Blood film from a dog with neutrophilia
a cat with methemoglobinemia was placed on a piece
associated with hemolytic anemia. At this magnification,
of absorbent white paper (brown-colored sample in
appreciate that the leukocyte count is increased and t
the center), and a drop of blood from a normal control
hat most are mature neutrophils (250 x).
cat was placed to the left of the patients sample. After
Figure 3. Blood film from a dog with leukemoid
treatment with intravenous methylene blue, much of th response (WBC = 89,000/uL) due to a large intraabdomin
e methemoglobinemia has been reduced as is shown in t al abscess. Most of the leukocytes are mature neutroph
he drop of blood on the right taken from the patient
ils (250 x).
1 hour after treatment.
Figure 4. Blood film from a dog with chronic
Topic- Mucopolysaccharidoses
myelogenous leukemia (WBC = 190,000/uL).
Figure 1.Top, profi le of normal cat. Bottom, profi le of
Leukocytes are a mixture of large blasts and mature
cat affected with mucopolysaccharidosis VI, illustrating neutrophils (250 x).
facial dysmorphia.
Figure 5. Normal segmented neutrophil (top) and
Figure 2. Radiograph of pelvis of cat affected with
mucopolysaccharidosis VI. Note subluxation of hips.
Figure 3. Cat affected with Mucopolysaccharidosis VI.
Note corneal cloudiness.
Figure 4. Blood film from a mucopolysaccharidosis VI
cat that has received a bone marrow transplant. The
neutrophil at the right (arrow) contains typical AlderReilly bodies (granules). The normal neutrophil at the
left (arrowhead) is from the normal donor.
lymphocyte (bottom) in canine blood (1000 x).

Figure 6. Canine neutrophils (segs and band) with mild
evidence of toxic change. Cytoplasm of neutrophils is s
lightly basophilic and foamy (1,000 x). Toxic neutrophi
ls are associated with acute inflammation and toxemia.
Compare with the normal segmented neutrophil.
Figure 7. Feline neutrophils with severe toxic change.
Cytoplasms are vacuolated, granular, and basophilic.

Figure 8. Normal canine bone marrow with a mixture
of mature and immature members of the erythroid and
granulocytic cell lines (250 x).
Figure 9. Bone marrow from a dog with neutrophilia
of chronic inflammatory disease. Marked granulocytic
hyperplasia is present (250 x).
Figure 10. Granulocytic hyperplasia in marrow from a
dog with inflammatory neutrophilia. Large mononuclear
cells are immature granulocytes. Mild toxic change i
s evident in bands and metamyelocytes (1000 x).
Figure 11. Bone marrow from a cat with chronic
fibrinopurulent peritonitis due to an intestinal perfor
ation. Most of the cells are bands, metamyelocytes, and
myelocytes with marked toxic change (1,000 x).
Topic-Pelger-Huet Anomaly
Topic-Phosphofructokinase Deficiency
Figure 1. Increased polychromasia is present in blood
from an English springer spaniel with hereditary
phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency.
Topic-Polycythemia
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3. Renal tumor in a dog with polycythemia.
Figure 4. Bone marrow from a dog with erythroid
hyperplasia.
Topic-Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
Figure 1. Marked poikilocytosis, anisocytosis,

and polychromasia is present in blood from a
splenectomized, pyruvate kinase-deficient cairn terrier.
Figure 1. Canine blood, 100x objective, Modified Wrig
ht stain. Pelger-Huet anomaly with a hyposegmented eo A neutrophil, band neutrophil, and monocyte are also
sinophil and neutrophil. Note the mature, condensed c present. Wright-Giemsa stain (John W. Harvey).
hromatin in a nucleus that exhibits an immature shape Figure 2. Marked poikilocytosis, anisocytosis,
. Courtesy of Craig Thompson.
and polychromasia is present in blood from a
splenectomized, pyruvate kinase-deficient cairn terrier
dog. A neutrophil, band neutrophil, and monocyte are
also present. Wright-Giemsa stain.

Topic-Thrombocytopathies
Topic-Thrombocytopenia
Figure 1. Epistaxis in a Basset hound with hereditary

thrombopathia.
Figure 1. Normal dog platelets.

Figure 2. Normal feline platelets.
Figure 3. Macroplatelet in a cat.
Figure 4. Platelet clumping in a cat.
Figure 5. Megakaryocyte in dog bone marrow aspirate
.
Figure 6. Osteoclast in canine bone marrow.


Figure 1. Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes. Many of these red blood cells contain Heinz bodies
(several indicated by arrowheads). These inclusions consist of oxidized, denatured hemoglobin
and are irregularly round and more lightly staining than the adjacent cytoplasm. While located
within the RBC cytoplasm, these inclusions often push the cell membrane away from the surface
of the cell, as seen here. At times these inclusions will, instead, be visible on the RBC surface.
Two of the RBCs in this image also have the cap of clear cytoplasm and displaced hemoglobin
typical of eccentrocytes. This abnormality is caused by oxidation of the RBC membrane. This
blood was collected from a dog with zinc toxicity. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 100x
objective).

Figure 2. Heinz bodies and reticulocyte. Seven red blood cells contain Heinz bodies (2 indicated
by arrows). With new methylene blue, these inclusions stain light blue. Vital dyes, such as new
methylene blue, can help to highlight these inclusions, which can be easily overlooked in a
routine blood smear stained with a Romanovsky-type stain such as Wright stain. A reticulocyte is
also shown. The aggregated ribosomes stain more intensely than the oxidized hemoglobin.
(Canine blood smear; new methylene blue, 100x objective).

Figure 3. Mycoplasma haemofelis. Many of the RBCs have one or more of small, blue
Mycoplasma haemofelis organisms attached to their membranes. These epicellular organisms
are either round (coccoid), rod-shaped, or ring-shaped. Stain precipitate can mimic the coccoid
and rod-shaped organisms, but the ring forms are more definitive. A ring-shaped organism can
be more easily seen in the higher magnification inset in the lower right corner. (Feline blood
smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Figure 4. Mycoplasma haemocanis. Several RBCs have these small, coccoid organism attached
to their membranes. Unlike M. haemofelis, in the dog these organisms often form chains across
the RBC surface, which sometimes branch or appear Y-shaped. This arrangement can be seen
more easily in the higher magnification insets in the upper and lower left corners. (Canine blood
smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Figure 5. Babesia canis. This blood is from an anemic dog with Babesia canis. These large
babesia organs are 2-5 um and appear as irregularly round to oval, lightly basophilic structures
with an eccentric, dark pink-purple nucleus. RBCs in this sample contain only a single organism,
but in some cases organisms will be paired or as tetrads. These parasite induce formation of
proteins that make RBCs sticky leading to RBC clumping, as shown in inset (lower left corner)
and sludging in capillary beds. Increased numbers of parasitized RBCs may be found in blood
collected from a capillary bed, such as the ear top or nail. Examination of a buffy coat
preparation can help identify infected RBCs. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Figure 6. Babesia gibsoni. Two red blood cells, indicated by arrows, contain B. gibsoni
merozoites. These organism are much smaller than B. canis and appear as small (1-3 um), pale
blue ring forms, with a pinpoint purple nucleus. One of the organisms is shown at higher
magnification in the inset located in the upper right corner. These organisms are often present in
low numbers and infected RBCs may be concentrated along the feathered edge of the smear.
Increased numbers of parasitized RBCs may be found in blood collected from a capillary bed,
such as the ear top or nail. Examination of a buffy coat preparation can also help identify
infected RBCs. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Figure 7. Cytauxzoon felis. Several RBCs contain Cytauxzoon felis merozoites. These protozoa
are light blue and from 1-5 um in diameter. Most of the organisms shown here have the typical
signet ring appearance, with an eccentric purple nucleus at one end of an oval. Although not
shown here, in some cases the organisms will have chromatin bodies on both ends of the end,
producing a safety pin appearance. In the tissues (e.g. spleen, liver, lymph node, bone
marrow), protozoan schizonts infect and fill macrophages found within and surrounding blood
vessels. (Feline blood smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Figure 8. Spherocytes. Multiple spherocytes are shown in this image (several indicated by arrows),
along with two large blue-tinged polychromatophils. Spherocytes form when they lose a portion of
membrane, preventing them from maintaining their normal discoid shape. As a result, these cells
appear spherical and dense, without central pallor, and smaller than normal, mature erythrocytes.
Spherocytes are more readily identified in dogs than in cats, since canine RBCs normally have
prominent central pallor (about 1/3 of the diameter of the RBC). Spherocytes are most often
produced when macrophages remove antibody-coated membranes, as part of immune-mediated
hemolysis. However, they can also be produced through removal of Heinz bodies, along with the
adjacent membrane, or after RBC fragmentation as a result of either vascular disorders (e.g.
thromboembolic disease, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, splenic disease, or liver disease) or intrinsic
RBC disorders (e.g. iron deficiency). Normal canine erythrocytes may resemble spherocytes along
the feathered edge of the blood smear or in smears that have a thick background as a result of
lipemia or hyperglobulinemia.

Figure 9. Polychromasia and nucleated RBCs. This blood smear shows a regenerative response
to hemolytic anemia caused by oxidative injury (Heinz body indicated by arrowhead). With
routine Romanovsky-type stains (e.g. Wright stain), polychromasia is the hallmark of a
regenerative response. Polychromatophils have blue-grey cytoplasm because of ribosomes,
which are lost as the cell matures. They are slightly larger than mature RBCs, and, as a result of
their increased volume, these cells often have membrane folds that can sometimes result in a
target cell appearance. These cells are equivalent to reticulocytes, produced when vital dyes
such as new methylene blue or cresyl green cause clumping of ribosomes. With a regenerative
response to anemia, polychromatophils/reticulocytes may be accompanied by NRBCs,
basophilic stippling, and Howell-Jolly bodies. NRBCs have blue-grey cytoplasm, similar to or
slightly darker than that seen in polychromatophils. Their nuclei are round and often eccentric,
with very condensed, dark purple chromatin. It is unclear why NRBCs are released from the
bone marrow during a regenerative response, but it is possible that this reflects hypoxic injury to
marrow stroma or endothelial cells, or is the result of extramedullary hematopoiesis. When
NRBCs are present without adequate polychromasia/reticulocytosis, an underlying bone marrow
injury (e.g. lead toxicity, effect of chemotherapy, heat stroke, bone marrow neoplasia), or splenic
disease should be considered. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Figure 1. Cytauxzoon felis. Several RBCs contain Cytauxzoon felis merozoites. These protozoa
are light blue and from 1-5 um in diameter. Most of the organisms shown here have the typical
signet ring appearance, with an eccentric purple nucleus at one end of an oval. Although not
shown here, in some cases the organisms will have chromatin bodies on both ends of the end,
producing a safety pin appearance. In the tissues (e.g. spleen, liver, lymph node, bone
marrow), protozoan schizonts infect and fill macrophages found within and surrounding blood
vessels. (Feline blood smear; Wright stain, 100x objective).

Figure 2. Hypochromasia. This blood, from an iron deficient dog, shows two populations of
erythrocytes. Some, including one indicated by an arrowhead, appear morphologically normal,
with an area of central pallor comprising approximately 1/3 of the diameter of the cell. Other
erythrocytes are visibly hypochromic (some indicated by arrows), with a much wider area of
central pallor and a lighter staining periphery due to a decreased amount of hemoglobin.
Hypochromic erythrocytes can be present in animals with iron deficiency or derangements in iron
metabolism, such as liver disease, anemia of inflammation/cancer. Torocytes, punched out
looking erythrocytes, with accentuated areas of central pallor making them resemble donuts, can
sometimes be mistaken for hypochromic erythrocytes. However, torocytes can be distinguished
from true hypochromic RBCs by their dark staining peripheral cytoplasm, similar to that of the
normal erythrocytes. Torocytes are usually due to a preparation artifact and have no clinical
significance. (Canine blood smear; Wright stain, 50x objective).

Figure 3. Codocytes (target cells). This smear contains an increased number of RBCs with a
target-like appearance. This is caused by an extra, round, outfolding of membrane in the middle
of the cell, along with the enclosed hemoglobin. This fold is surrounded by an area of pallor that
separates it from the peripheral hemoglobin. This abnormality is caused by excess RBC
membrane relative to the amount of hemoglobin, either due to membrane lipid changes or
decreased hemoglobin. While target cells can be a relatively nonspecific finding, increased
numbers can be seen following splenectomy, or with iron deficiency, liver disease, renal disease
or conditions that cause hypercholesterolism (e.g. hypothyroidism). Since polychromatophils are
larger than normal and hypochromic, they often take on the appearance of a target cell. This
blood sample was collected from a dog with cholestatic liver disease. (Canine blood smear;
Wright stain, 50x and 100x objective).

Figure 1. Heinz B 100 x: Blood smear, feline. Modified Wrights 100 x.
Note the obvious Heinz bodies that protrude from the side of some of the
erythrocytes (arrows). Also note the more occult, somewhat refractile Heinz
bodies in some cells (arrowheads). The anisocytosis, polychromasia, and
metarubricyte suggest increased erythropoiesis.

Figure 2. Heinz NMB 100 x: Blood smear, feline. New methylene blue 100
x. Note the many Heinz bodies present in the erythrocytes (arrows). New
methylene blue can be extremely useful in enumerating Heinz bodies that
are hard to see using Romanowsky stains (e.g. small, occult Heinz bodies
or marked poikilocytosis present).
Topic-Anemia, Metabolic (Anemias with Spiculated Red Cells)

Figure 1. Blood film from a dog with hemangiosarcoma involving the liver.
Several acanthocytes (red cells with 210 glovelike or fingerlike projections
from their surface) are seen scattered in the field. Wrights stain 100 X.

Topic- Anemia, Metabolic (Anemias with Spiculated Red Cells)

Figure 2. Blood film from a dog with glomerulonephritis. A burr cell
(elongated red cell with a ruffled surface) is seen at right center. Wrights
stain 100 X.

Topic- Anemia, Nonregenerative

Figure 1. Hypochromic RBCs have a wider zone of central pallor, with a
pale, washed out-looking periphery. The presence of hypochromic RBCs
suggests iron deficiency. Iron-deficient RBCs are fragile and may fragment,
resulting in schistocytes. Early iron deficiency due to blood loss tends to
produce a regenerative anemia. However, once iron stores are depleted,
anemia becomes nonregenerative.
Topic- Anemia, Nuclear Maturation Defects (Anemia, Megaloblastic)

Figure 1. A large megaloblastic nucleated red blood cell is seen at upper
left center. The cytoplasm is mature and relatively well hemoglobinized
(polychromatophilic), but the nucleus is large and quite immature with
an open (stippled) chromatin. This is nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony.
A more typical nucleated red cell with a similar degree of cytoplasmic
hemoglobinization but a much more mature nearly pyknotic nucleus is seen
at upper right. Wrights stain. 100 X.
Topic- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

Figure 1. Neutrophils from a cat with Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Topic- Coagulation Factor Deficiency

Figure 1. Algorithm for clotting factor deficiencies. Long indicates
prolongation beyond 1.5 to 2 times the assay mean.


Figure 1. Tricolor collie, smooth coat.


Figure 2. Tricolor collie, smooth coat with dilute coat color.

Topic-Cyclic Hematopoiesis
Figure 3. Color-dilute sable and tricolor collie puppies.

Topic- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

Figure 1. Feline blood, 100x objective, Modified Wright stain.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome. Four morphologically normal (one partially
lysed) eosinophils with two neutrophils. Courtesy of Craig Thompson.

Topic- Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Figure 1. Components of micturition reflex. The major higher control center for voiding control is the
pontine micturition center. It receives cortical and thalamic input permitting voluntary control as well
as cerebellar, basal ganglia, and hypothalamic input for modulating inhibition during the storage
phase. Spinal cord segments L1-L4 in the dog and L2-L5 in the cat provide fibers to sympathetic
nuclei projecting to the hypogastric nerve, and sacral segments S1-S3 provide fibers to
parasympathetic nuclei projecting to the pelvic nerve. Somatic nuclei, mainly located in S1, provide
fibers to the pudendal nerve. The hypogastric nerve provides postganglionic branches via the
caudal mesenteric ganglia to adrenergic neuroreceptors in the urinary bladder (-adrenergic) and
urethra (-adrenergic). Sensation of stretch or irritation of the urinary bladder is transmitted to the
higher neural centers mainly via pelvic nerve ganglia and the pelvic nerve. The sensation of pain
and overdistention are transmitted to the higher centers via the hypogastric nerve. The sensation of
flow and stretch arising in the urethral musculature are transmitted to the sacral spinal cord via the
pudendal nerve. (NE: Norepinephrine, ACh: Acetylcholine, : -adrenergic receptors, : adrenergic receptors)
Topic- Methemoglobinemia
Figure 1. The result of a spot test for methemoglobinemia is shown. One
drop of blood from a cat with methemoglobinemia was placed on a piece
of absorbent white paper (brown-colored sample in the center), and a drop
of blood from a normal control cat was placed to the left of the patients
sample. After treatment with intravenous methylene blue, much of the
methemoglobinemia has been reduced as is shown in the drop of blood on
the right taken from the patient 1 hour after treatment.
Figure 1.Top, profile of normal cat. Bottom, profile of cat affected with
mucopolysaccharidosis VI, illustrating facial dysmorphia.
Figure 2. Radiograph of pelvis of cat affected with mucopolysaccharidosis
VI. Note subluxation of hips.
Figure 3. Cat affected with Mucopolysaccharidosis VI. Note corneal
cloudiness.
Figure 4. Blood film from a mucopolysaccharidosis VI cat that has received
a bone marrow transplant. The neutrophil at the right (arrow) contains
typical Alder-Reilly bodies (granules). The normal neutrophil at the left
(arrowhead) is from the normal donor.
Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 1. Toxic neutrophils (Kenneth S. Latimer).

Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 2. Blood film from a dog with neutrophilia associated with hemolytic
anemia. At this magnification, appreciate that the leukocyte count is
increased and that most are mature neutrophils (250 x).
Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 3. Blood film from a dog with leukemoid response (WBC = 89,000/uL)
due to a large intra-abdominal abscess. Most of the leukocytes are mature
neutrophils (250 x).
Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 4. Blood film from a dog with chronic myelogenous leukemia
(WBC = 190,000/uL). Leukocytes are a mixture of large blasts and mature
neutrophils (250 x).
Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 5. Normal segmented neutrophil (top) and lymphocyte (bottom) in
canine blood (1000 x).
Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 6. Canine neutrophils (segs and band) with mild evidence of toxic
change. Cytoplasm of neutrophils is slightly basophilic and foamy (1,000 x).
Toxic neutrophils are associated with acute inflammation and toxemia.
Topic- Neutropenia
Figure 7. Feline neutrophils with severe toxic change. Cytoplasms are
vacuolated, granular, and basophilic. Compare with the normal segmented
neutrophil.
Topic-Neutropenia
Figure 8. Normal canine bone marrow with a mixture of mature and
immature members of the erythroid and granulocytic cell lines (250 x).
Topic- Neutropenia
Figure 9. Bone marrow from a dog with neutrophilia of chronic inflammatory
disease. Marked granulocytic hyperplasia is present (250 x).
Topic- Neutropenia
Figure 10. Granulocytic hyperplasia in marrow from a dog with
inflammatory neutrophilia. Large mononuclear cells are immature
granulocytes. Mild toxic change is evident in bands and metamyelocytes
(1000 x).
Topic- Neutropenia
Figure 11. Bone marrow from a cat with chronic fibrinopurulent
peritonitis due to an intestinal perforation. Most of the cells are bands,
metamyelocytes, and myelocytes with marked toxic change (1,000 x).
Topic- Pelger-Huet Anomaly

Figure 1. Canine blood, 100x objective, Modified Wright stain. PelgerHuet anomaly with a hyposegmented eosinophil and neutrophil. Note
the mature, condensed chromatin in a nucleus that exhibits an immature
shape. Courtesy of Craig Thompson.
Topic-Phosphofructokinase Deficiency
Figure 1. Increased polychromasia is present in blood from an English
springer spaniel with hereditary phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency.
Topic- Polycythemia
Figure 1.

Topic- Polycythemia
Figure 2.

Topic-Polycythemia
Figure 3. Renal tumor in a dog with polycythemia.

Topic- Polycythemia
Figure 4. Bone marrow from a dog with erythroid hyperplasia.

Topic- Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

Figure 1. Marked poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, and polychromasia is present in blood
from a splenectomized, pyruvate kinase-deficient cairn terrier. A neutrophil, band
neutrophil, and monocyte are also present. Wright-Giemsa stain (John W. Harvey).

Topic- Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

Figure 2. Marked poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, and polychromasia is present in blood
from a splenectomized, pyruvate kinase-deficient cairn terrier dog. A neutrophil, band
neutrophil, and monocyte are also present. Wright- Giemsa stain.

Topic-Thrombocytopathies
Figure 1. Epistaxis in a Basset hound with hereditary thrombopathia.

Figure 1. Normal dog platelets.

Figure 2. Normal feline platelets.

Figure 3. Macroplatelet in a cat.

Figure 4. Platelet clumping in a cat.

Figure 5. Megakaryocyte in dog bone marrow aspirate.

Figure 6. Osteoclast in canine bone marrow.


Hematology Immunology

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Hematology/Immunology

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

reticulocyte is also shown. The aggregated ribosomes

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

concentrated along the feathered edge of the smear. I

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Figure 2. Hypochromasia. This blood, from an iron defi

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

a ruffled surface) is seen at right center. Wrights stai

Figure 1. A large megaloblastic nucleated red blood ce

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Figure 1. Neutrophils from a cat with Chediak-Higashi

Figure 1. Components of micturition reflex. The major

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Figure 1. The result of a spot test for

lymphocyte (bottom) in canine blood (1000 x).

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Figure 1. Marked poikilocytosis, anisocytosis,

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Figure 1. Epistaxis in a Basset hound with hereditary

Figure 1. Normal dog platelets.

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Regenerative

Topic - Anemia, Nonregenerative

Topic - Anemia, Nonregenerative

Topic - Anemia, Nonregenerative

Topic- Anemia, Heinz Body

Topic- Anemia, Heinz Body

Topic-Anemia, Metabolic (Anemias with Spiculated Red Cells)

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Anemia, Metabolic (Anemias with Spiculated Red Cells)

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Anemia, Nonregenerative

Topic- Anemia, Nuclear Maturation Defects (Anemia, Megaloblastic)

Topic- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Coagulation Factor Deficiency

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Cyclic Hematopoiesis

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Cyclic Hematopoiesis

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Pelger-Huet Anomaly

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition

Topic- Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency