LEXICOLOGY SUMMARY

SGU

SUMMARY ON FINAL TEST

Style: Formal vs. informal
British and American English
Words
ICs
Word formation

LANGUAGE STYLE
INFORMAL STYLE
FORMAL STYLE

INFORMAL
STYLE

Colloquial words
Slang
Dialectism
Vulgarisms

Formal style
Learned words
Archaic and poetic words
Technical terms or
professional Terminology
Barbarisms

INFORMAL STYLE
is used in ones immediate circle:
family, relatives, or friends.
One uses informal words when at
home or when feeling at home.
Relaxed, free-and-easy, familiar
and unpretentious.

 Consequently, the choice of

words is determined in each
particular case not only by an
informal (or formal) situation,
but also by the speakers
educational
and
cultural
background, age group, and
his occupational and regional
characteristics.

Which style is
it?

1.where ya going ?
to school
INFORMAL STYLE

2. Should you require

any assistance,
please feel free to
contact us.
FORMAL STYLE

3. The company laid

him off because he
didnt work much.
INFORMAL STYLE

4. Mind your own

business!
INFORMAL STYLE

5. Dear Sir or Madam,

I should be grateful if you would

send me information about the
regulations for admission to the Hall
school of Design. Could you also tell
me
the
school
arranges
accomodations for students?
Yours faithfully,
Allan Parker

FORMAL STYLE

6. B is As boss. A needs to
leave work early today to
see
the
doctor
and
approaches B, who is
working at his or her desk.
FORMAL STYLE

7. A and B are good friends.

A has just finished moving
into a new house and
wants to invite B over to
celebrate.
INFORMAL STYLE

Colloquial words
Colloquial words (=colloquialisms)
are the least exclusive: they are
used by everybody, and their
sphere
of
communication
is
comparatively wide, at least of
literary colloquial words.
Colloquialisms
are
used
in
everyday conversational speech by
cultivated and uneducated people

Colloquial words
However, in modern fiction, informal
words are not restricted to conversation
in their use, but also frequently appear in
descriptive passages, when the author
wants to create an intimate, warm,
informal atmosphere.
Here are some more examples of literary
colloquial words:
e.g
pal, chum (= friend)
bite, snack (=meal)

mum, mummy (=mother)

Colloquial words
Shortenings and verbs with postpositional adverbs are numerous among
colloquialisms.
e.g
exam (= examination)
fridge( = refrigerator)
Photo (=photocopy)
prep( preposition)
to make up
to do away
to turn in (= to go to bed)

Colloquial words
Literary colloquial words are to be
distinguished from familiar colloquial and
low colloquial.
The borderline between the literary and
familiar colloquial is not always clearly
marked.
E. g: doc (for doctor), hi (for how do you do), tata (for good-bye)
shut up (for keep silent), beat it (for go
away).

Colloquial words
It
is
noted
that
some
students
misunderstand the term colloquial and
consider
it

conversational.This
misconception may lead to embarrassing
errors, because colloquialism should even be
avoided in formal conversations or in
reports.
It is important that students associate these
words with informal, relaxed situations.

What is slang?
Slang;
A set of new, very informal words used
in private conversation language.
All or most slang words are current
words whose meanings have been
metaphorically shifted.
Each slang metaphor is rooted in a joke,
but not in a kind or amusing joke.
Most slang words are metaphors and
jocular, often with a coarse, mocking,
cynical colouring.

How many types of slang?

why do people use slang?

To be picturesque, arresting, striking
To be different from others
To avoid the tedium of outmoded
hackneyed "common" words.
To demonstrate one's spiritual
independence and daring
To sound "modern" and "up-to-date".

Cop= policeman

Hoofer=dancer

LEARNED WORDS
Are mainly associated with the printed page.
Poetry, fiction, diplomatic documents and letters
are their resources .
Educated people use them naturally in everyday
speech.
Excessive use of learned words in conversations
may lead to official, inelegant manner; create an
absurd and ridiculous effect.

 Learned words are mostly polysyllabic ones of Latin,

Greek or French.
Most of them have been adapted to the English phonetic
system, but some continue to sound foreign.
French and Latin were once the language of the English
belonging to the ruling or upper class in the English society.
Carry out (= do)
The experiment was carried out yesterday.
Investigate (= look into)
Safety officers are investigating the problem at the moment.

Different styles between informal &

formal English
Im sorry but

We regret to inform
you that

Im happy to say that

We have pleasure in
announcing that

If you lose it, then

contact us as soon as
possible

Any lost of this

document should be
reported immediately.

Archaic and poetic

words
Are words that now go out of use
Because
of

The advance
in human
knowledge

The
changes in
the social
system

Development
of culture

e.g. Betwixt = Between

Ex: "You shall see, as I have said, great
difference betwixt our Bohemia and your
Sicilia (The Winter's Tale-Shakespeare)
Aye/ Yea = Yes
Ex: The world is not aye
Twain = Two

 They are moribund, already partly or

fully out of circulation, rejected by the
living language. Partly moribund
because they may exist in historical
novels when authors want to create a
particular period atmosphere, or in
poetry which is rather conservative in
its choice of words.

e.g. Morn (=Morning); Moon (=Month);

Errant (=Wandering); Eve (=Evening)
Damsel (=Girl)
Sometimes, an archaic word may undergo a
sudden survival
e.g. Kin (=Relatives) now current in American
usage.
Did you have kin from here?

There are some rules when you write

letter or essay:
Use appropriate punctuation
Avoid common colloquial words and
expression
Don't use contractions
Try to avoid the first and second person
Don't start a sentence with condinating
conjunction
When referring to the number of
countable objects, use words rather than
figures when the amount is less than twenty

Speaking formal English

Be aware of the parts of speech.
English speakers commonly replace
adverbs with adjectives in casual
speech
Use correct grammar
Choose precise vocabulary words,
and avoid the word "got.
Avoid using idiom
Formal words may relate to prossional communication
01/25/17

Variations in British
and
American
English
1. Variation in pronunciation:
a) In the vowel sounds:
British English
American English

candidate [I]
Delegate
holiday [I]
tomato [a]
Fragile [aI]
Missile
Pasteurisation
Crystallisation

candidate [eI]
delegate
holiday [eI]
tomato [eI]
fragile [I/]
Missile
Pasteurization
Crystallization

b) In the stress and vowels:

British English
American
English
garage
garage
Aristocrat
Aristocrat Remark: AE
Laboratory
Laboratory
prefers the
Capillary
Capillary double
Centenary
Centenarystress
Phenomenon
Phenomenon
Pentagon
Pentagon
Territory
Territory
Auditory
Auditory
stationary
stationary
secretary
secretary
advertisement
advertisement

c) In the stress:
BE
dic`tate
ro`tate
`bourgeois
`frontier
mid`day
beef`steak
`come`in
`go a`head

AE
`dictate
`rotate
`bour`geois
fron`tier
`midday
`beefsteak
Come`in
Go a`head

2. Variation in spelling:
BE

AE

Colour
Centre
Advertise
Defence
traveller

Color
Center
Advertize
Defense
traveler

BRITISH
ENGLISH

AMERICAN
ENGLISH

REMARK

a) colour
favour,
labour,
humour

color
Favor
Labor
humor

1) Americanisms
have a tendency to
make the spelling
easier.

b) centre
theatre,
litre

center
theater,
liter

2) l is double in AE
words with the stress
on the last syllable.
e.g. enroll, fulfill

c) traveller traveler
marvelo
marvello us
us
woolen
woollen
Skillful,
But: skilful, fulfill
fulfil
d)
advertiz
advertise
e
organise organize
e) defence
But : to
practise

defense
pratice
(n,v)

3) The endings -pl-l of

verbs (with stress on
the first syllable), are
double in BE (single in
AE) before ed/-ing.
e.g. `worshipped,
`labelled (BE),
`kidnaped, `leveled
(AE)

f) Miscellaneous
- aeroplane
- dialogue
- cheque
- draught
- gauge
- kerb
- tyre
- gaol
- pyjamas
- plough
- judgement

airplane
dialog
check
draft
gage
curb
tire
jail
pajamas
plow
judgment

3. Variation in grammar:
a) Verbs
British English
Prefers irregular
form of P1, P2
-burn
burnt
burnt
-dream dreamt
dreamt
But: proved (P2 of
to prove); got (P1,
P2 of to get)

American English
Prefers regular form of
P1, P2
-burn burned burned
-dream dreamed
dreamed
But: proven (P2 of to
prove); gotten (P2 of to
get)

b) The word-order in words of river, valley ,

lake.
British English
River Thames
River Clyde
University of
London

American
English
Mississippi River
Hudson River
Harvard University

c) In the use of preposition adverbs

British English
to fill out (the
blank)
outside (the house)
to meet ( someone)
To win
To protest against
To battle with

American English
to fill in (the blank)
outside of (the
house)
to meet up
(someone)
To win out
To protest
To battle

d) Miscellaneous

BE
to help + to infinitive
TO+ indirect Object
(passive voice)
E.g.
A letter was sent to
Mary.

AE
to help + bare
infinitive
without to + indirect
Object
(passive voice)
A letter was sent
Mary.

Remarks: American people have a tendency

to use very easy going way, for their
convenience, to express themselves. So they
tend to use conversion, blending, or clipping in
their daily speech.
E.g: To chair a meeting
To vacation
An athletic meet
Medicare (medical + care)
Slanguage (slang + language)
Ad (advertisement)
Natch (naturally)

Besides, they also prefer short forms of

words:
E.g: I been, I done, I seen (= Ive been, Ive
done, Ive seen)
Go bring the paper back (=go and bring)
I sure will help (=it surely will help)
Drive slow (=drive slowly)
You gotta go (youve got to go)

4. Variation in vocabulary:
a) There are quite a lot of words denoting the
same object or notion, but having different
forms in BE and AE
E.g.
Cinema (BE)
Chemist
Goods

Movie (AE)
Druggist
freight

The following is a list of BE words. Use a

dictionary to find their AE equivalents.
BE
Railway
Sweet(s)
Pavement
Roadway
Petrol
Lift
Flat

AE
railroad
candy
sidewalk
subway
gas/ gasoline
elevator
apartment, flat,
studio

BE
Luggage
Maize
Tap
Shop
Tube,
underground
Tin (opener)

AE
baggage
corn
faucet
shop/ store
subway
can

BE
Postman
Lorry
(bank) note
Return ticket

AE
mailman, mail/letter carrier
truck/ semi/ tractor
bill
round- trip

Car park
Dustbin
garden

parking lot
garbage/ trash can
yard

b) However, there are words that do exist in

both BE and AE, but bear different meanings:
E.g. billion
BE
Million millions
1012

AE
Thousand millions
109

Prep school
BE
Elementary school
preparing for
entering school

AE
Private school
preparing for
entering institute or
university

Other words of the same type are: corn,

pavement, to guess, clerk, lunch, solicitor,
subway, workhouse
c) There are also British and American set
expressions:

BE

AE

To take the bun

To beat about the
bush

To take the cake

To beat around the
stump

A lot of American set expressions appear

to reflect the history of American life,
tradition, features
E.g. to be at bat
Fireside chat
Dark horse

Exercise II.3 (P.22)

AE

BE

eraser

rubber
aerial

Antena /aerial
Band aid
bill/check
Bathrobe
cookie
bureau

plaster
bill (at a
restaurant)
bathgown
biscuit
cookie

AE

BE

janitor
closet (for
hanging clothes)

caretaker

drapes

curtains

freeway
truck
kerosene
diaper

wardrobe

motorway
lorry
paraffin
nappy

AE
vest
smokestack
Purse

BE
waistcoat
chimney
handbag

flashlight

Torch

Yard

garden

undershirt
trailer

vest

vacation

caravan
holiday

WORDS
A word is the smallest segment of
speech that can be used alone, and
at which pausing is possible.
Ex: They call up their roommates.
(Call up, roommates are two words,
and no pauses are possible between
the two elements of each word).
There are three main classes of
words: simple words, complex (or
derived) words, and compound words.

1. Simple words are composed of a single free

morpheme.
Ex: high, table, university
2. Complex (or derived) words include either
two bound morphemes, or a bound and a free
form.
Ex: Two bound forms: televise, sentiment,
consent
A bound and a free form: telephone,
happiness
dishonest, nonsense
3. Compound words have two or more free
morphemes.
Ex: Sweetheart, time-table, forget-me-not.

Sometimes, it is difficult to decide if the

word is a compound word or a group of
words (grammatical structure).
There are three ways to see the
difference.
3.a. Structural integrity:
We cannot add any word to the middle
of two morphemes of compound words.
Ex: It is a greenhouse. (compound word)
It is a green wooden house. (a group
of words = grammatical structure)

3.b. Semantic criterion:

The meaning of a compound word is
idiomatic, not the sum of the meaning
of the words (grammatical structure).
Ex: He has an iron heart. (He is not
kind)
He has a heavy iron heart. (He has
a heart-shaped thing which is heavy)
3.c. Phonetic criterion:
Most compound words have the main
stress over the first word. A group of
words (grammatical structure) has the
main stress over the second word.

Ex: A swmming techer (a compound

word)
A swmming techer (a group of words)
Notes: main stress.
` secondary stress.
Abbreviation:
S simple word
Cx Complex word
Cd Compound word
Gs Grammatical structure

Indicate whether each italicized

expression is a compound word (Cd) or
a grammatical structure (Gs). Pay no
attention to hyphens or spaces, for
these are deceptive:
1. Jims new car is a hardtop.
______
2. This jar has a rather hard top. ______
3. It was a jack in-the-box.
______
4. There was a plant in the box. ______
5. A ht dg is not a ht dg.
______ ______
6. He has a dog in the manger attitude. ______

7. She has a strong hold on him. ______

8. She has a stronghold in the Womens
Club. ______
9. George found his father-in-law. ______
10. George found his father in trouble. ______
11. The bought it on the black market. ______
12. The electricity went off, and we were
caught in a black completely lightless,
market. ______
13. Agatha is a desgning techer. ______
14. Agatha is a desgning techer. ______

For a view of the three classes

of words, identify the following
items with these symbols:
S simple word
Cx Complex word
Cd Compound word
Gs Grammatical structure
Make the IC cuts for Cx and Cd.
1. Shrpshoter _________
2. Shrp shoter _________

3. act __________
4. react __________
5. rattlesnake __________
6. passbook __________
7. apparatus __________
8. glowworm __________
9. import __________
10. ripcord __________
11. unearth __________
12. stick-in-the-mud __________

State whether the following

groups of words are compounds
or free word-groups, making use
of different criteria:
1. Sweet voice
2. Sweet potato
3. White coffee
4. white-wash
5. White house
6. Hgh-prssure

7. Hgh tme
8. Rd mat
9. Red eyes
10. Red tap
11. Rd Crss
12. Gold fish
13. Gld rng
14. Glden ges
15. Golden wedding (50th)

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

Golden hair
Glden rle
Green eyes
Green horn (-house)
Green belt
Green door
Blue blood
sky-blue
blue-jacket (=sailor)

MORPHEMES
Free and Bound morphemes
+ A free morpheme is one that can be
uttered alone with meaning.
Free morphemes are
monomorphemic words and they can
operate freely in the language.
Ex: honest, possess, study, girl,
danger
68

+ A bound morpheme cannot be uttered

alone with meaning. It is always
annexed to one or more morphemes to
form a word.
Bound morphemes must combine with
other morphemes.
Ex: dishonest = dis (BM) + honest (FM)
+ A morpheme consists of:
- Root/base
- Stem (if there is any affix)
- Affix (Prefix is added to the beginning
of a word and a suffix is added to the
end of a word).
69

Exercises
1. How many morphemes are there in
each of the following words:
- Table
- Television
- Ceiling
- Writing
- Blackboard
- Underground
- Country
- Hospital
- River
- Printer

Seaside
- Southwest
Honeymoon- Asian
Typewriter - Americans
Basketball - Helpers
Table-tennis- Manufacturers
Backpack - Jackfruits
Building
- Newspapers
Sweater
- Swimming-pools
Profit - Railways
Sailor - Indonesia

Underline the base/root in the following

words:
- Seaside
- Southwest
- Honeymoon
- Asian
- Typewriter - Americans
- Basketball - Helpers
- Table-tennis
- Manufacturers
- Backpack - Jackfruits
- Building
- Newspapers
- Sweater
- Swimming-pools
- Profit - Railways
- Sailor - Indonesia

72

Analyze the stem in the following words:

- Seaside
- Southwest
- Honeymoon- Asians
- Typewriter - Americans
- Basketball - Helpers
- Table-tennis- Manufacturers
- Backpack - Jackfruits
- Building
- Newspapers
- Sweater
- Swimming-pools
- Profits - Railways
- Sailor - Indonesians
73

Analyze the suffix in the following words:

- Bananas
- Southwestern
- Honeymoons
- Asians
- Typewriter - Americans
- Basketballs - Helpers
- shopping - Manufacturers
- Backpacks - Jackfruits
- Buildings - Newspapers
- Sweaters - Swimming-pools
- Profits - Railways
- Sailor - Indonesians
74

Analyze the prefix in the following words:

- Underline - Southwestern
- Honeymoons
- Subcontinent
- impossible - Non-American
- Basketballs - Anti-fascism
- Dehydrate - Hillside
- Backpacks - Jackfruits
- Overcook - Newspapers
- Sunday- Swimming-pools
- Surplus- Railways
- Sailboat
- Telescope
75

Which
morpheme
derivational/inflectional?
- Underlines - Southwestern
- Honeymoons
- Subcontinents
- impossible - Non-American
- Basketballs - Anti-fascism
- Dehydrates - Hillsides
- Backpacks - Jackfruits
- Overcook s
- Newspapers
- Sundays
- Swimming-pools
- Surplus- Railways
- Sailboats - Telescopes

is

76

Write the meaning of the prefixal

morphemes:
1. defrost
2. demigod
3. diacid
4. disappear
5. hypermarket
6. maltreat
7. monologue
8. Nonstop
9. rewrite
10. subway

Write the meaning of the suffixal

morphemes:
1. writer
2. refugee
3. handful
4. solution
5. socialism
6. victory
7. importance
8. homeless
9. Chinese
10. greatly

IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS
Immediate constituents are any of
the two meaningful parts forming a
larger meaningful unit.
Four sorts of morphemes bases,
prefixes, infixes, and suffixes are put
together to build words. When we
analyze a word, we usually divide a
word into two parts of which it seems
to have been composed.
Ex: un gentle man ly
79

IC division:
+ If a word ends in an inflectional suffix, the
first cut is between this suffix and the rest
of the word.
Ex: develop s
+ One of the ICs should be, if possible, a
free form. A free form is one that can be
uttered alone with meaning.
Ex: enlarge ment
NOT en largement
in dependent

NOT independ ent

80

The meanings of the ICs should

be replaced to the meaning of the
word.
Ex: teach er
NOT tea cher
The ultimate constituents are the
morphemes of which the word is
composed.

81

Give the morphematic division (root,

prefix, suffix) of these words:
1. unpredictable
2. cooperation
3. multidimensional
4. leadership
5. Impression
6. Forecast
7. Fortune-teller
8. Discovery
9. Undercooked

Why are a and an called allomorphs?

- A and an mean one. A stands
before
singular
countable
noun
beginning with consonant sounds. An
stands before singular countable noun
beginning with vowel sounds. So they
are
phonologically
conditioned
allomorphs
in
complementary
distribution.

Why are the forms of BE conjugated in

present simple called allomorphs?
- The forms of BE conjugated in present
simple are AM, IS and ARE. They have the
same meaning. AM follows the first person
singular, IS follows the third person
singular and ARE follows the second
person both singular and plural and the
third person plural. So Am, IS and ARE are
morphologically conditioned allomorphs in
complementary contribution.

Processes of word
formation
1. Compounding
Compounding is the joining of two or
more words into a single word.
Compounds may be written as one
word (without a hyphen or a space), as
a hyphenated word (with a hyphen), or
as two words (with a space).
Ex: sunflower, school-girl, high school,
skateboard, whitewash, cat lover, selfhelp, red-hot, etc.
85

2. Derivation, conversion or functional

shift
Derivation is the forming of new words by
combining derivational affixes or bound
bases with existing words.
Ex: teacher, re-ask, abuser, refusal, untie,
inspection, pre-cook, etc.
Zero derivation:(also called conversion
or functional shift): Adding no affixes;
simply using a word of one category as a
word of another category. Examples:
Noun-verb: comb, sand, knife, butter,
referee, proposition.
86

Stress shift: no affix is added to the base,

but the stress is shifted from one syllable to
the other. With the stress shift comes a
change in category.
Noun Verb
Noun Adjective
cmbine combne
cncrete concrte
mplant implnt
bstract abstrct
rwrite rewrte
trnsport transprt

Affixation: adding a derivational affix to a

word.
Ex: abuser, refusal,untie, inspection,precook.
87

3. Clipping or contraction
Clipping is the forming of new words by
cutting off the beginning or the end of a
word, or both, leaving a part to stand for
the whole.
Ex: laboratory lab
dormitory dorm
brother bro
professional pro
professor prof. mathematics
math
4. Acronymy or abbreviation
Acronymy is the forming of new words from
the initials or beginning segments of a
succession of words.
88

Ex: MP: military police/member of

parliament
TOEFL: Test of English as a foreign
language
radar: radio detecting and ranging
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus.
ASEAN: Association of South East Asian
countries
89

5. Blending or mixture
Blending is the forming of new words
by joining the first part of one word
with the last part of another word.
breakfast + lunch brunch
smoke + fog smog
motor + hotel motel
television + marathon telethon
modulator + demodulator modem
Spanish + English Spanglish
90

6. Back-formation or reversion
Back formation is the forming of new
words from the one that looks like its
derivative.
Ex: beggar to beg
editor to edit
resurrection to resurrect
enthusiasm to enthuse
burglar to burgle
hamburger burger
91

7. Adoption of brand names as common

words (coinage/invention/neologism): a
proper name becomes the name for the item
or process associated with the name. The
word ceases to be capitalized and acts as a
normal verb/noun (i.e. takes inflections such
as plural or past tense). The companies using
the names usually have copyrighted them
and object to their use in public documents,
so they should be avoided in formal writing
(or a lawsuit could follow!) Examples: xerox,
kleenex, Cola, 7 up.
92

8. Onomatopoeiaor sound imitation

or reduplication: words are invented
which (to native speakers at least)
sound like the sound they name or the
entity which produces the sound.
Ex: hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, cock-a-doodledoo, buzz, beep, ding-dong.
9. Borrowing: a word is taken from
another language. It may be adapted to
the borrowing language's phonological
system to varying degrees.
93

Ex: tomato (from indigenous languages

of the Americas), sushi, taboo (from
Pacific
Rim
languages),
macho,
spaghetti,
psychology,
telephone,
physician, education (from European
languages), yam, banana (from African
languages).
10. Antonomasia or words from
names: The formation of a common
word from the name of a person or place.
Ex: sandwich, champagne
94

11. Isolation on word formation: a

new word is obtained by isolating the
plural form which is then with its own
particular meaning.
Ex: colours (flags), glasses (spectacles)
Conclusion: English speakers coin new
words every day. We can find them in
newspapers, magazines or daily speech,
but to use them, we should be more
careful because not all these are
accepted in standard English.
95

Assignment 6

Which process is used to form the

following words?
1. user
2. overcrowded
3. classroom
4. DRV
5. footstep
6. buzz
7. mew
8. read
9. gas

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

VIP
Amerindian
denim
roar
medicare
memo
daybreak
exporter
ad
care
Tom

SAMPLE TEST
I. For a view of the three classes of
words, identify the following items
with these symbols: (2ms)
S simple word Cx Complex word
Cd Compound word Gs Grammatical
structure
1. generation
2. classroom 3. singing
4. non-government 5. whitewash
6. dehydration
7. hot dog
8. microwave
9. ebook 10. beautiful girls

1. Generation: Cx
2. classroom: Cd
3. singing: Cx
4. non-government: Cx
5. whitewash: Cd
6. dehydration: Cx
7. hot dog: Cd
8. microwave: Cx
9. ebook: Cx
10. beautiful girls: Gs

II.
Give
the
informal
words/phrases/clauses for the
following: (2ms)
enter, commence, however, later,
employer, sleep-walker, get, people
say, they reported, one after the
other.

enter go in(to)
commence - begin
however - but
later - subsequently
employer - boss
sleep-walker - somnambulist
get - obtain
people say it is said
they reported it was reported
one after the other at regular intervals

III. Name the word formation

process of each of the following
words: (2ms)
1. textbook 2. play
3. UNESCO
4. handful 5. smog
6. rattle
7. Alex
8. TV
9.
Mon
10. Singlish

1. textbook: Compounding
2. play: Back-formation
3. UNESCO : Acronymy
4. handful: Derivation
5. smog: Blending
6. rattle: onomatopoeia
7. Alex: Clipping
8. TV: Acronymy
9. Mon: Clipping
10. Singlish: Blending

IV. The following is a list of AE

words. Find their BE equivalent:
(2ms)
1. lawyer
2. elevator 3. drugstore
4. high school
5. school
6. bill
7. The Senate
8.
estrogen
9. fender
10.
ballpoint

1. Lawyer solicitor
2. elevator - lift
3. Drugstore chemists
4. high school secondary school
5. School - faculty
6. bill
- note
7. The Senate - The House of Lords
8. Estrogen - Oestrogen
9. Fender mudguard/wing
10. Ballpoint biro/ball point

V. Analyze the ICs of the following

words: (2ms)
Americans, anti-fascism, receptionist,
savings, collaboration,
counterpartner, managers,
dehydration, liners, humanities.

Americans

anti-fascism

receptionist

- Initally, the base is Americ. Then we add

suffix an to have American and then
Americans.
- Fascist is the base. A suffix is added to make up
fascism. Finally, a prefix is added to have
anti-fascism.
- The base is receive. Then suffix tion is added
to make up reception. At last ist is added.

savings
collaboration
counterpartner
- The base is save that is added with suffix
ing. Finally, s is added.
- Labor is the root. Co is added to have
collabor. Suffix ate is added to make
up a verb. A noun is made with suffix ion.
- Part is the base. Part is added with er.
The prefix counter is added finally.

managers
dehydration
humanities

liners

- The base is mange. Suffix er is added

and s is added at last.
- Hydrate is the base. Dehydrate is a
verb and ion is added to make a noun.
- The root is line. Suffixes er and s are
added.
- Human is the root. Suffix ity is added.
Plural suffix s is added at last.

Good luck!