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Definitions
Properties at a point
Molecular Transport of Momentum
Convective Momentum Transport
History
In old ages, the fluids (mainly liquids) were easily
Definitions
Fluid: as a substance which deforms
shear stress
Concept of a continuum
Fluids,
Concept of a continuum
(Cont.)
Most engineering work is concerned with the
macroscopic or bulk behavior of a fluid
rather than with the microscopic or
molecular behavior.
In most cases is convenient to think as a
continuous distribution of matter or a
continuum.
Validity of this concept is seem to be
dependent upon the type of information
desired rather than the nature of the fluid.
Definitions
Steady state flow physical properties of the
Definitions
Uniform flow when the velocity at any
Properties At a Point
Density: It is defined as the mass per unit
lim
V V
Properties At a Point
(Cont.)
Stress:
Consider the force F acting on an element
Force on an element of
fluid
F
Fn
lim
ii
A A A
Fs
lim
ij
A A A
Fn
Fs
Molecular Transport
Momentum
t<0
vx(y,t)
Small t
vx(y)
t=0
Large t
In this Figure 1:
First: The system is at rest, but a time t= 0
Second: At t= 0 the lower plate is set in
yx
dvx
(2)
dy
Generalization of Newtons
Law
of
viscosity
Consider
A general flow pattern in which the velocity
shows in various directions depends on the
time.
The velocity components are given by
vx vx ( x, y, z, t );
v y v y ( x, y, z, t ),
vz v2 ( x, y, z, t )
There will be then, 9 stress components (where i
Pressure force
Always perpendicular to the exposed surface
Viscous forces
They exist only when there are velocity
For example,
xx , xy , xz
has components
py
px
pz
include both
ij p ij ij
Where ij is the kronecher delta, which is 1 if i
= j and zero if i j.
ij k l ijkl
1,2,3
k
xl
Convective Momentum
Transport
The momentum can be transported by bulk
Convective
momentum fluxes
through planes of
unit area
perpendicular to
the coordinates
direction
pvyv
pvxv
pvzv
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