ENDAPAN MINERAL HIDROTERMAL

ET2206 GENESA MINERAL

(3 SKS)

I G.B. Eddy Sucipta

HP 081322866891

ALTERASI HIDROTERMAL
A very complex process involving mineralogical, chemical and textural changes,
resulting from interaction of hot aqueous fluids with the rocks through which they
pass, under evolving physico-chemical conditions.

The main factors controlling alteration processes are:

1. The nature of wall rocks
2. Composition of the fluids
3. Concentration, activity and chemical potential of fluid components, such as H+,
CO2, O2, K+, S2, etc.

Alteration processes:

Hydrolysis (Hydrogen ion metasomatism)

Hydration

Base exchanges (Alkali metasomatism)

Hydrolysis (Hydrogen ion metasomatism)

Hydration

Base exchange (Alkali metasomatism)

Reactions in Feldspars and K-Mica

K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-SO3 system

Reactions in Fe-Mg Silicates and Alumino-Silicates

Reactions in Ca-Rich Environments

ALTERASI POTASIK

Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8). Named "orthose" in 1801 by Rene Just Hay from the Greek orthos "right" and kalo - "I cleave" in allusion to the mineral's right angle of good cleavage. Changed
in 1823 to orthoklase by Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt. System: Monoclinic, Colour:
Colorless, Greenish, Grayish yellow, White, Pink. Hardness: 6, Polymorph of. Microcline,

Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8)

Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)Al(Si4O8)(OH)2). Named in 1847 by Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann in

honor of the French physicist, mathematician, meteoriticist, astronomer, and mineralogist, Jean
Baptiste Biot [April 21, 1774 Paris, France - February 3, 1862 Paris, France], who studied the
optical properties of the micas. Biot and his associate, Flix Savart, discovered that an electric
current in a wire produced a magnetic field. Biot received many awards in his lifetime in
recognition of the value of his scientific researches. Mica Groups

Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)Al(Si4O8)(OH)2)

(a) Hydrothermal alteration exhibited by core specimens of quartz-porphyry rock from the 2.0 Ga Haib Cu-Mo deposit
in southern Namibia. Bottom row shows mainly potassic alteration; reddish-brown spots in specimen at bottom are
K-feldspars; specimen in centre has mainly hydrothermal biotite; specimen at right has potassic alteration
overprinted by sericitic alteration. Specimens in the centre exhibit mainly sericitic alteration; light-coloured
specimen at right exhibits pervasive quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration; specimen in top row are affected by intense
silicification (note patches of bluish opaline quartz);

(c) Photomicrograph in plane polarised light showing hydrothermal

biotite (coloured) and microcline feldspar (light coloured). Both
these minerals are the products of potassic metasomatism and
alteration of a quartz-porphyry rock (Haib CuMo deposit, southern
Namibia); (d) Same as 1b, but with crossed nicols. Mic is
microcline;

Relict mineral is pseudomorphosed

by biotite

Relict mineral is pseudomorphosed

by biotite

Biotite

Sericite

Biotite

Sericite

ALTERASI PROFILITIK

Epidote ((Ca2)(Al2Fe)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)). Named in 1801 by Rene Just Hay from the Greek
"Epidosis" = "increase" in allusion to the crystal characteristic of one longer side at
the base of the prismt. System: Monoclinic, Colour: Yellowish-green, green, brownish-green,
black. Hardness: 6, Lustre. Vitreous, Pearly.

Epidote ((Ca2)(Al2Fe)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH))

Chlorite ((Mg,Fe)5Al(AlSi3O10(OH)8). A name commonly used for undifferentiated members of

the chlorite group. While the name "chlorite" once indicated a mineral species, it is now the
name of a Group of species - there is no longer a mineral named "chlorite." Common species in
the Group commonly termed "chlorite" are clinochlore, chamosite, and cookeite.t. System:
Monoclinic (also triclinic or orthorhombic), Hardness: 2-2,5.

(b) Sample of feldspar-porphyry from the Haib CuMo deposit in Namibia showing pervasive
propylitic alteration, the green colour is due to the presence of chlorite and epidote.
Scale bar is in cm;

(e) Photomicrographs, in plane polarised light, of thin section

from specimen in b showing plagioclase phenocrysts pervasively
replaced by an aggregate of chlorite epidote and quartz; (f) Same
as in e, but with crossed nicols

Primary quartz
Primary
Plagioclase

Groundmass of secondary quartz,

plagioclase, epidote, calcite, opaque

Relict mineral is pseudomorphosed by

epidote, opaque and calcite

Primary
Plagioclase
Primary
quartz
Primary
Plagioclase

Groundmass of secondary quartz,

plagioclase, epidote, calcite, opaque

Relict mineral is pseudomorphosed by

epidote, opaque and calcite

Primary
Plagioclase

Relict mineral is pseudomorphosed

by epidote,chlorite, opaque and
calcite

Relict mineral is pseudomorphosed

by epidote,chlorite, opaque and
calcite

ALTERASI PHYLLIC (SERICITIC)

Serisit

Quartz (SiO2). Quartz has been known and appreciated since pre-historic times. The most ancient
name known is recorded by Theophrastus in about 300-325 BCE, or kristallos. The
varietal names, rock crystal and bergcrystal, preserve the ancient usage. The root words
signifying ice cold and to contract (or solidify) suggest the ancient belief that kritallos
was permanently solidified ice. The earliest printed use of "quertz" was anonymously published in
1505, but attributed to a physician in Freiberg. Germany, Ulrich Rhlein von Kalbe. By 1530,
Agricola used the spelling "quartz" as well as "quertze", but Agricola also referred to "crystallum",
"silicum", "silex", and silice". Tomkeieff (1941) suggested an etymology for quartz: "The Saxon
miners called large veins - Gnge, and the small cross veins or stringers - Querklfte. The name
ore (Erz, Ertz) was applied to the metallic minerals, the gangue or to the vein material as a whole.
In the Erzgebirge, silver ore is frequently found in small cross veins composed of silica. It may be
that this ore was called by the Saxon miners 'Querkluftertz' or the cross-vein-ore. Such a clumsy
word as 'Querkluftertz' could easily be condensed to 'Querertz' and then to 'Quertz', and eventually
become 'Quarz' in German, 'quarzum' in Latin and 'quartz' in English." Tomkeieff (1941, q.v.) noted
that "quartz", in its various spellings, was not used by other noted contemporary authors. "Quartz"
was used in later literature referring to the Saxony mining district, but seldom elsewhere.
Gradually, there were more references to quartz: E. Brown in 1685 and Johan Gottschalk Wallerius
in 1747. In 1669, Nicolaus Steno (Niels Steensen) obliquely formulated the concept of the
constancy of interfacial angles in the caption of an illustration of quartz crystals. He referred to
them as "cristallus" and "crystallus montium". Tomkeieff (1941) also noted that Erasmus
Bartholinus (1669) used the various spellings for "crystal" to signify other species than quartz and

Sericite (A variety of Muscovite). Named in 1852 by Karl/Carl List from the Greek seir
meaning "silken".t.

Pyrite(FeS2). Named in antiquity from the Greek "pyr" for "fire", because sparks flew from it
when hit with another mineral or metal. Known to Dioscorides (~50 CE) as
and include both pyrite and chalcopyrite.. System: Isometric, Colour: Pale brass-yellow
Hardness: 6 - 6, Lustre: Metallic.

Pyrite(FeS2)

Quartz-sericite alteration: with jarosite-live hematite

stockwork

(a) Photomicrograph taken at crossed nicols, showing pervasive

quartz-sericite
alteration of a feldspar porphyry rock. The porphyritic igneous
texture is still recognisable

(b) Photomicrograph taken at crossed nicols, showing pervasive

quartz sericitic alteration of the same porphyry rock shown in
(a). Here the original igneous texture is no longer recognisable

Clay-sericite

Vein of quartz + clay-sericite + opaque

Clay-sericite
Clay-sericite

Vein of quartz + clay-sericite + opaque

Clay-sericite

Turmalin

Topaz

(c) Photomicrographs (plane polarised) showing a quartz-topaz

greisen assemblage (left
and upper portion of photo is mostly topaz, quartz has lower relief
and is on the upper right (Qtz), resulting from the replacement of a
precursor granitic rock (Krantzberg tungsten deposit, Namibia); (d)
Same as (c), but with crossed nicols. Qtz is quartz

ALTERASI ARGILIK

Mineral lempung

Five meters of disseminated pyrite and quartz veinlets in argillic

altered metavolcanics

(e) Photomicrograph in plane polarised light showing veinletcontrolled argillic alteration (brown material) of porphyry rock
(Henderson Mo deposit, Colorado, USA)

(f) Photomicrograph in plane polarised light showing pervasive

argillic alteration of andesite rock and cut by a quartz veinlet.
Feldspar phenocrysts are still recognisable on the right, adjacent

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Vein of opaque
quartz
Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Vein of opaque
quartz

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Pyrophyllite (Al2(Si4O10)(OH)2). From the Greek for "fire" (, pyr) and "leaf" (, phyllos)
for the way it exfoliates when heated. System: Monoclinic, Colour: White, gray, pale blue, pale
green, pale yellow, brownish green. Hardness: 1-2, Lustre: Pearly, Dull.

Pyrophyllite (Al2(Si4O10)(OH)2)

Pyrophyllite (Al2(Si4O10)(OH)2)

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Opaque (pyrite)

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Groundmass of quartz + clay-sericite

opaque pyrophyllite

Opaque (pyrite)

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Groundmass of quartz + claysericite opaque pyrophyllite

Alunite (KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6). Named from the Latin for alum. System: Trigonal, Colour: white, pale
shades of gray, yellow, red, to reddish brown. Hardness: 3,5-4, Lustre: Vitreous, Pearly.

Alunite (KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6)

Serpentinitisation

Silicification

Serpentine (Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4). Serpentine was named in 1564 by Georgius Agrigola (Georg

Bauer) from the Latin "serpens" = snake in allusion to the mottled green appearance of the
mineral suggesting the resemblance to some snakes.

Serpentine (Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4).

Relict pyroxene is
pseudomorphosed by serpentine

Relict pyroxene is
pseudomorphosed by serpentine

Gold mantled and alunitized-silicified dacite breccia fragments from Goldfield, Nevada (Florence
Mine). Sequence of crystallization in open spaces is gold, then sulfides (black zone), and lastly quartz
(white)

Talc-Carbonate and Talc-Chlorite Alteration

Talc (Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2). Allegedly named in 1546 by Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer) from
Arabic "talq", pure, probably alluding to the color of its powder.. System: Triclinic, Colour:
Colorless, white, pale green, bright emerald-green to dark green, brown, gray. Hardness: 1,

Talc (Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2).

Talk

Serpentine

Talk

Serpentine

ALTERASI SKARN

SKARN

Garnet

Garnet

Malachite
Zeolite

Hematite

Malachite

Malachite

Garnet

Garnet

Garnet

Malachite
Zeolite

Hematite

Malachite

Malachite

Garnet

Hematitisation and Fe-Rich Alteration

Hematite (Fe2O3). Originally named about 300-325 BCE by Theophrastus from the Greek,
for blood stone. Translated in 79 by Pliny the Elder to haematites, "bloodlike" in
allusion to the vivid red color of the powder. The modern form evolved by authors frequently
simplifying the spelling by excluding the "a", somewhat in parallel with other words originally
utilizing the root "haeme". System: Trigonal, Colour: Steel-grey to black in crystals and
massively crystalline ores, dull to bright "rust-red" in in earthy, compact, fine-grained material.

Hematite (Fe2O3).

Carbonatisation and Dolomitisation

Calcite (CaCO3). Ancient name. Named as a mineral by Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the elder)
in 79 from Calx, Latin for Lime. System: Trigonal, Colour: White, Yellow, Red, Orange, Blue,
Green, Brown, Grey etc.l. Hardness: 3, Lustre: Vitreous, Pearly. Polymorph of: Aragonite,
Vaterite

Calcite (CaCO3).

Hydrothermal Aragonite ? (Calcite)

Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Named in 1791 by Nicolas Thodore de Saussure in honor of the French
mineralogist and geologist, Dodat(Dieudonn) Guy Silvain Tancrde Gratet de Dolomieu [June
24, 1750 Dolomieu, near Tour-du-Pin, Isre, France - November 26, 1801 Chteau-Neuf, Soneet-Loire, France]. de Dolomieu wrote numerous books on observations on geology, notably about
the Alps and Pyrrenes, in addition to theoretical books about the internal structure of the
Earth. He discovered a specimen of what would eventually be called dolomite during his
participation in Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition into Egypt in 1798.. System: Trigonal, Colour:
Colourless, white, grey, reddish-white, brownish-white, or pink; colourless in transmitted light.

Hydrothermal dolomite with chalcopyrite.

Ferroan Dolomite

TERIMAKASIH