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THERMODYNAMICS
CARNOT'S PRINCIPLE: AN
ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT OF THE
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
No irreversible engine operating between two
reservoirs at constant temperatures can have a greater
efficiency than a reversible engine operating between
the same temperatures. Furthermore, all reversible
engines operating between the same temperatures
have the same efficiency.
T1
Q1 =100 J
Mesin
Kalor
Q1
Mesin
Kalor
W1 =100 J
Q2
T2
T1
T1
Q1
Mesin
Kalor
Q2
T2
Q1
Mesin
Kalor
Q2
T2
Heat Engine
This schematic representation
of a heat engine shows the input
heat (magnitude = QH) that
originates from the hot
reservoir, the work (magnitude
= W) that the engine does, and
the heat (magnitude = QC ) that
the engine rejects to the cold
reservoir.
HEAT ENGINE
REFRIGERATOR
TH
TH
QH
system
System of
interest
Weng
Wref
QC
QC
TC
TC
Q = U - W
QH - QC
QH
Q = U - W
QC - QH
QH - QC = -W = Weng
QH - QC = + W = Wref
for refrigerator
HEAT ENGINE
REFRIGERATOR
TH
TH
QH
QH
Weng
QC
Wref
QC
TC
QH - QC = Weng
TC
QH - QC = Wref
Eff = Weng / QH
Eff = 1 - QC / QH
Adiabatic
expansion
Carnot Cycle
ker ja keluar
kalor masuk
W
=
Q1
QC
1
QH
Isothermal
U int 0
Isothermal:
AB QH WAB nRTH ln VB / VA
CD
U int Q W
QC WCD nRTC ln VC / VD
dW pdV
pV nRT
Adiabatic
1
TV
= const.
Adiabatic:
BC
TH VB 1 TC VC 1
DA
1
TH VA
1
TC VD
VB VC
VA VD
QH TH
Thermal efficiency:
QH nRTH ln VB / VA
QC nRTC ln VC / VD
QC
TC
1
1
QH
TH
QC
1
QH
Work is done on it
A Heat Pump
An ideal or Carnot heat pump is used to heat a house to a
temperature of TH = 294 K (21 C). How much work must
be done by the pump to deliver QH = 3350 J of heat into the
house when the outdoor temperature TC is (a) 273 K (0 C)
and (b) 252 K (-21 C)?
Reasoning
The conservation of energy (QH = W + QC) applies to the
heat pump. Thus, the work can be determined from W =
QH - QC, provided we can obtain a value for QC, the heat
taken by the pump from the outside. To determine QC, we
use the fact that the pump is a Carnot heat pump and
operates reversibly. Therefore, the relation QC/QH = TC/TH
applies. Solving it for QC, we obtain QC = QH(TC/TH). Using
this result, we find that
Solution
(a) At an indoor temperature of TH = 294 K and an
outdoor temperature of TC = 273 K, the work needed
is
Coefficient of performance:
QC
TC
K
QH QC TH TC
HRW.AnidealheatengineoperatesinaStirlingcyclebetween
235Cand115C.Itabsorbs6.30x104Jpercycleatthehigher
temperature.(a)Whatistheefficiencyoftheengine?(b)Howmuch
workpercycleisthisenginecapableofperforming?
(a)
(a)
TH TC (235 115) K
23.6%
TH
(235 273) K
W
QH
W QH 0.236 6.30 10 4 J
1.49 10 4 J
QH
TC
1
TH
HRW.Onemoleofanidealmonatomicgasistakenthroughthe
cycleshown.Assumethatp=2p0,V=2V0,p0=1.01x105Pa,andV0
=0.0225m3.Calculate(a)theworkdoneduringthecycle,(b)the
heataddedduringstrokeabc,and(c)theefficiencyofthecycle.(d)
Whatistheefficiencyofanidealengineoperatingbetweenthe
highestandlowesttemperaturesthatoccurinthecycle?Howdoes
thiscomparetotheefficiencycalculatedin(c)?
c
V,p
3
Eint Q W nRT
2
Pressure
b
V0,p0
Volume
PV nRT
HRW.Onemoleofanidealmonatomicgasistakenthroughthe
cycleshown.Assumethatp=2p0,V=2V0,p0=1.01x105Pa,andV0
=0.0225m3.Calculate(a)theworkdoneduringthecycle,(b)the
heataddedduringstrokeabc,and(c)theefficiencyofthecycle.(d)
Whatistheefficiencyofanidealengineoperatingbetweenthe
highestandlowesttemperaturesthatoccurinthecycle?Howdoes
thiscomparetotheefficiencycalculatedin(c)?
Pressure
b
V0,p0
c
V,p
Volume
Eint Q W
HRW.Onemoleofanidealmonatomicgasistakenthroughthe
cycleshown.Assumethatp=2p0,V=2V0,p0=1.01x105Pa,andV0
=0.0225m3.Calculate(a)theworkdoneduringthecycle,(b)the
heataddedduringstrokeabc,and(c)theefficiencyofthecycle.(d)
Whatistheefficiencyofanidealengineoperatingbetweenthe
highestandlowesttemperaturesthatoccurinthecycle?Howdoes
thiscomparetotheefficiencycalculatedin(c)?
b
1
Ta
pV
1 a a
Tc
pcVc
Pressure
(d)
V0,p0
Volume
Largerthan15%.
c
V,p
T
1 C
TH
HRW.Anidealheatpumpisusedtoheatabuilding.Theoutside
temperatureis5.0Candthetemperatureinsidethebuildingistobe
maintainedat22C.Thecoefficientofperformanceis3.8andthe
heatpumpdelivers7.54MJofheattothebuildingeachhour.At
whatratemustworkbedonetoruntheheatpump?
Foracompletecycle,Eint=0
QC
QH Won
K
Won
Won
QC QH Won 0
Won
QH
K 1
ENTROPI
Entropy is a measure of disorder.
Entropy is a state function like p, T, and Eint. A state
function describes the thermodynamic state of a system,
which is independent of the history.
The change in entropy S for an infinitesimal
process:
dQr
dS
T
ENTROPY
To introduce the idea of entropy we recall the relation
QC/QH = TC/TH that applies to a Carnot engine. This
equation can be rearranged as QC/TC = QH/TH, which
focuses attention on the heat Q divided by the Kelvin
temperature T. The quantity Q/T is called the change in
the entropy S:
dQr
S dS
T
i
i
Unit:J/K
Theintegrationisalongapaththat
representsareversibleprocess
Note: Even if the actual process is irreversible, you need to
follow a reversible process to reach the same final state to
obtain Entropy
Q
r
S
T
Entropy
Question
Heat is applied to ice-water mixture and a portion of the ice
melts. Which of the following quantities increase?
The mixtures temperature and internal energy.
The mixtures temperature and entropy.
correct
The mixtures entropy and internal energy.
The mixtures temperature, entropy and internal
energy.
None of the above three quantities increase
Entropy Question
Suppose your roommate is Mr. Clean and tidies up
your messy room after a big party. What happens to
the entropy of the room (assume that room and its
contents are isolated from rest of the universe)?
Decreases
Stays the same
Increases
Adiabatic Compression
During adiabatic compression of an ideal
gas, the entropy of the gas
Decreases.
Stays constant.
Increases.
No heat is transferred in or out of the system
during an adiabatic process - therefore, entropy
remains constant.
Grades of Energy
W
QC
TC
QC
TC
correct
Reasoning
Solution
The total entropy change of the universe is the
algebraic sum of the entropy changes for each
reservoir:
Order to Disorder
Find the change in entropy that results when a
2.3-kg block of ice melts slowly (reversibly)
at 273 K (0 C).