Chapter I

Overview of Mobile
Communication System and its
Evolution

Miftadi Sudjai, Ir., MSc., MPhil

Lab. Antena
Jurusan Teknik Elektro
STTTelkom

MobileCommSystem/MJI/03

MobileCommSystem/

Cellular evolution : Eurpean ways

1G
TACS,
NMT,
etc
Analog
speech

2G

2.5G

3G
IMT-2000/

GPRS
GSM
&
EDGE
Digial speech, Digial speech,
low speed data low speed
data,
medium speed
up to 384 kbs

UMTS
4 QoS Class :
Conversational
, streaming,
interactive, &
background

MobileCommSystem/

2G Vs 3G System
2G System
Digital
technology

Commonality
for
different
perating
environtment

Use digital technology

for modulation,
speech, channel
coding, and
implementation of
control radios

3G System
Increased use of
digital technologies,
including software.
Optimized for specific

Maximizing,
commonality, and
Optimized for specific optimization of radio
interface for multiple
environtment

MobileCommSystem/

2G Vs 3G System
2G System
Frequency
band

3G System

800 MHz, 900 MHz,

Use of common
1.5 GHz, dan 1.8 GHz. frequency band for both
terrestrial and satellite
component
Data srvices less than
Higher transmission
Data services or equal to 32 Kbps
speed capabilities with
circuit and packet
switched as well as
Generally limited to
multimedia services
specific region
Roaming
Improved global
roaming due to global
frequency coordination,
increased used of SIM,
availability of global
IPCWC99-Jaipur (February, MobileCommSystem/
5
1999)

Data Evolution in GSM

IPCWC99-Jaipur (February,
1999)

MobileCommSystem/

2G System (EDGE)
348 Kbps data capability to satisfy the IMT-2000
requirements for pedestrian(microcell) and low
speed vechicular(macrocell) environtment

144 kbps data capability for high speed vechicular

environtment

2 Mbps requirement for indoor office is met by

using wide band EDGE (1.6 MHz) carrier

May be combined with GPRS and HSCSD to create

EGPRS with collective gross data rate of 65.2
kb/s
ECSD with MobileCommSystem/
38.4 kb/s

Details of EDGE System

200 KHz carrier spacing
8 TDMA time slot
Modulation formats
Set of convolution code for channel coding to
improve BER : Quaternary-offset-QAM(16 QAM)
Binary-offset-QAM(QPSK)
GMSK

MobileCommSystem/

Symbol and Bit Rate in EDGE

Item

16-QAM

QPSK

GMSK

Symbol Rate

361 kbps

361 kbps

270 kbps

Bit per symbol

Pay Load per

time slot

326 kbps

162 kbps

114 kbps

Gross User Rate

per time slot

65.2 kbps

32.4 kbps

22.8 kbps

Gross User Rate

per carrier

521.6 kbps

259.2 kbps

182.4 kbps

MobileCommSystem/

Regional 3G Air Interface

MobileCommSystem/

10

IMT-2000 Family of Standards

MobileCommSystem/

11

Global Wireless/Wireline 19952010

MobileCommSystem/

12

Wireline Subscriber Trend

MobileCommSystem/

13

IMT-2000 Service framework

MobileCommSystem/

14

IMT-2000 Business Model

framework

MobileCommSystem/

15

Market dreams until 2010

MobileCommSystem/

16

Global Market Highlight

$322 Billion in revenues in 2010
Cumulative revenues of about $ 1 Trillion from
now until 2010
In 2010 the average 3G subscriber will spend
about $30 per month on 3G data services
Non-voice services will dominate voice revenues
by year 3 and comprise 66% of 3G service
revenues by 2010
Asia Pacific represents the single largest total
revenues opportunity-reaching $120B in 2010
Europe and North America will provide the highest
annual revenue per POP.
MobileCommSystem/
17

Market dreams in Indonesia

Estimasi perkembangan jumlah pelanggan seluler
Perbandingan Hasil Peramalan Jumlah Pelanggan Seluler
dengan 3 Metode

160,000,000
140,000,000
120,000,000
100,000,000
80,000,000
60,000,000
40,000,000
20,000,000
0
2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

Tahun
timeseri(11spl)

est9 (iter gdp,emp,ppls,ifls,arpu)

est8 (iter gdp,emp,ppls)

MobileCommSystem/

18

IMT 2000 Goals

Global system for wireless communications
Multi-environment operation: Vehicular.
Pedestrian and outdoor to indoor.
Indoor office.
Satellite.

Support for packet data and circuit-switched

sevices
Multimedia services support
Expected data rates: 144 kbps in vehicular.
384 kbps in pedestrian.
2 Mbps in indoor office environment.

IMT-2000 spectrum allocation at WARC 1992 in

the 2 GHz band
MobileCommSystem/
19

IMT-2000 User Terminal

Requirements
Low cost
Light weight
Low power drain / long talk time
Toll quality voice
High security
Use multiple device with the same User ID :
Service, routing, and charging by personal ID/subscription.

International roaming
Broad range of service :
Fixed and mobile.
Voice and Data.
Multimedia.

MobileCommSystem/

20

IMT-2000 Architecture
Requirements
Broadband Radio Access :
Data rate : 144, 284, 2000 Mbps.
Evolution from 2G (CDMA, TDMA, GSM, PHS, etc.).
Mobility vs Fixed Wireless Access.
Harmonized spectrum allocation.

Broadband Backbone Infrastructure :

Integrated voice, data, image.

Network Architecture
Function distribution :
WIN, GSM MAP, INAP.

MobileCommSystem/

21

3G System Design Goals

Meet IMT-2000 requirements
Offer additional capacity and service
enhancements as an evolution of 2G systems
(TDMA based GSM and IS-95/ANSI-41 based
CDMA)
Integrated voice and data system :
Optimized for voice and packet services.
Support higher rate circuit services.

Smooth, backwards-compatible evolution from

existing 2G system :
Evolve network infrastructure and software from 2G system.
New dual-mode terminals allow gradual build-up of high data rate
services in
2G service area.
MobileCommSystem/
22
Coexistence of 2G voice and data terminals with new wideband

3G Capabilities for Wideband

Wireless Multimedia
Wideband bit pipe between service providers
and end-users :
Up to 384 kbps in wide areas.
Up to 2 Mbps in limited areas.

IP connectivity from end to end :

Data (and voice)
Real-time and non real-time

High bit rate services :

at least 384 Kbps for wide area
up to 2 Mbps in indoor environment

Multimedia application
Optimized for packet data transfer / internet
access
MobileCommSystem/

23

3G Open Systems Technology

Platform

MobileCommSystem/

24

Potential 3G Application
Interactive news delivery (voice, video, e-mail,
graphics)
Voice/High-quality audio and music
Still photography
Video
Multimedia e-mail
Video conferencing
Data transmission services
Internet gaming
Web browser
File transfer from internet :
Online services. MobileCommSystem/
25
Time schedules.

Spectrum allocation by WRC

2000

MobileCommSystem/

26

CDMA2000 and W-CDMA Key

Differences

Harmonization solutions have identified to

address all but the chip rate issue *Currently
stand at 4.096. Comprimise to 3.84 proposed to
meet ETSISs desire to fit in US 5 MHz spectrum
blocks.
MobileCommSystem/
27

Club of 3-G ready

MobileCommSystem/

28

License Price

MobileCommSystem/

29

Ways of license holding

MobileCommSystem/

30

Division of IMT-2000 spectrum

carrier in initial phase

MobileCommSystem/

31

A piece of History
1890s-1900s: Marconi/Bose demonstrated radio signals can be used to communicate over
distances without wires. First commercial application of wireless was data (not voice), i.e.,
Morse code. First voice transmission was conducted by Fessenden in 1906.
1924: AT&T Bell Labs invented the first version of a mobile, two-way, voice-based radio telephone
1945: First public mobile telephone system in the U.S. was inaugurated in St. Louis, Missouri with
three channels (120 kHz each) at 150 MHz. This was developed by AT&T and Southwestern Bell.
One high-power station served a large geographic region. Following year, this system model
was used to make the first public mobile telephony service (MTS) available in 25 major
American cities.
1940 s-1980: Cellular Concept developed (primarily at AT&T Bell Labs). This provided for multiple
small-power stations to serve large geographic regions. These lower-power base stations have
smaller coverage areas. As early as the 1940s, researchers realized that the base stations with
smaller coverage would lead higher traffic capacity. However, the technology did not exist to
mass-produce these smaller base stations until the late 1970s. (In an internal memo written in
December 1947, two Bell Labs researchers described a mobile telephony system composed of
cells).
1950s: AT&T proposed to the FCC a broadband mobile telephone system to operate in the 800
MHz region. This was intended for a cellular system. The FCC did not act on this for over 10
years.
1964: Bell System began introducing Improved Mobile Telephone Service or IMTS to replace MTS.
This was a full-duplex system that allowed direct-dialing. IMTS became saturated quickly. By
1976, such a system could provide service to at most 12 users at a time in major cities. Last
IMTS system in North America (Newfoundland, Canada) decommissioned in August 2002.
1967 the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Company in Japan proposed a nationwide cellular
system at 800MHz.

MobileCommSystem/

32

A piece of History
1978: In July, Advanced Mobile Phone Service or AMPS started operating in North
America. Service trials began in Newark, NJ and Chicago, IL.
1979: First cellular system deployed in Japan. Used analog technology.
1983: FCC approved spectrum for AMPS and commercial system was deployed in Chicago, IL in
October 1983.
Mid 1980s: European nations deployed plethora of analog cellular systems: Nordic Mobile
Telephone System (Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway), Total Access Communications
System (Great Britain), C-Netz (West Germany), Radiocom 2000 (France), and RTMI/RTMS
(Italy). All entirely incompatible. However, during this time, European countries began
planning a single European wide digital mobile service with advanced features and easy
roaming.
1990: Europe developed uniform digital cellular standard called Global System for Mobile
(GSM). Based on principles of time division multiple access (TDMA); gave users advanced
services like text messaging. Started operating in the middle of 1991. Later adopted by parts
of Asia, Australia, South America, and U.S.
1990: U.S. adopted a dual-mode cellular standard called IS-54. The IS stands for Interim
Standard. Based on TDMA, it was backward (analog) compatible. A more sophisticated and
improved version of IS-56, called IS-136 was later adopted around 1995. IS-136 was later
adopted by North America and parts of South America and Australia.
1994: A second digital standard was proposed by Qualcomm and adopted in U.S. Based on the
principles of code division multiple access (CDMA), the standard is referred to as IS-95. IS95 adopted by North America, Korea and parts of Japan China, South America, and Australia.
1993: Japan deployed digital cellular system, similar to IS-136, called Pacific Digital Cellular
(PDC).

MobileCommSystem/

33

A piece of History
Mid-Late 1990s: 2.5G cellular systems deployed to provide increased data rates for web browsing, mcommerce, email, etc. Under 2.5G standards, the three TDMA systems (GSM, IS-136, and PDC) became
interoperable.
Late 1990s: Despite efforts to have a 3G cellular system that is compatible world-wide, two different
upgrade paths result: 3GPP and 3GPP2. The former has backing of those who chose 2G systems based
on TDMA; the later has backing of those who chose 2G systems based on CDMA (IS-95).
September 2000: South Korea Telecomm launches the first 3G system based on cdma2000 1x, a 3GPP2
standard.
August 2001: World's first 3G WCDMA voice call on commercial 3GPP system. The call was made between
Nokia laboratories in Oulu and Salo, Finland. First 3G WCDMA system (by Japan NTT DoCoMo) began
service in Tokyo on October 1, 2001.
January 2002: Verizon launched 3G cdma2000 1x upgrade. Sprint became the first U.S. carrier to complete
nationwide 3G cdma2000 1x upgrade in August.
Early 2000s: 3G cellular systems currently under deployment. 3G systems aid to provide enhanced data
services: multi-megabit Internet access, voice over IP, interactive web sessions, etc. They may face a
serious challenge from low-cost public wireless local area networks (PWLANs) in providing high-speed
data access.
References
1. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 2002.
2. CDMA Timeline, Qualcomm, retrieved on January 14, 2003 from
http://www.qualcomm.com/press/press_timeline.html.
3. Chait, M., Sprint Completes Nationwide Upgrade to 3G 1x, Internetnews.com, August 8, 2002, retrieved
on January 14, 2003 from http://www.internetnews.com/wireless/article.php/1442671.
4. NTT DoCoMo Launches Worlds First 3G Wireless Systems, Andrew Seybolds Outlook 4 Mobility,
retrieved on January 14, 2003 from http://www.outlook4mobility.com/commentaries/oct022001.htm.
5. Tom Farley, Mobile Phone History, retrieved on January 14, 2003 from
http://www.privateline.com/PCS/history.htm.

MobileCommSystem/

34