CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION
COMPONENT COMPUTER
AND PROCESS HOW CPUS
WORKING

GROUP NAME : MICROSOFT

L E C T U R E R N A M E : P U A N Z AT I L H I D AYA H B I N T I H A L I M
SUBJECT CODE : COM213
TEAM MEMBERS :
1. M O H D S O F I A N B I N R A H M A T ( N S 2 0 1 6 0 7 0 9 3 1 6 )
2. M U H D A M I R U N B I N A Z M A N ( N S 2 0 1 6 0 7 0 9 2 5 1 )
3. M U H D A M I R U L H A F I Z B I N C H E R O S L I ( N S 2 0 1 6 0 7 0 9 2 4 2 )

START!
START!
4. A H M A D I Z Z A T Z A F R A I N B I N S Y A A R I ( N S 2 0 1 6 01 7 0 9 5 2 1 )

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
COMPUTER : an electronic machine that can accept data,
manipulate the data according to specific rules, produce the
result and store the result for future use.
All the information received from computer called INPUT
and result produced known as OUTPUT
Computer also has MEMORY to keep the information.

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION CONCEPTS.

INPUT

PROCESSING

OUTPUT

MEMORY

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INPUT
an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment)
used to provide data and control signals to an information processing
system such as a computer or information appliance
Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital
cameras and joysticks.
Many input devices can be classified according to:
modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)
whether the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a
mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast
enough to be considered continuous)
the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional
traditional mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD
applications)

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INPUT - KEYBOARD
A 'keyboard' is a human interface device which is represented as a
layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a
linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular
function of the computer.
They act as the main text entry interface for most users. Traditional
keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer variations employ
virtual keys, or even projected keyboards. It is typewriter like device
composed of a matrix of switches
Examples of types of keyboards include:
KEYER
KEYBOARD

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INPUT KEYBOARD (CONTINUED)

KEYER is a device for signaling by hand, by way of pressing one or
more switches. Modern keyers typically have a large number of switches
but not as many as a full-size typically between four and fifty. A keyer
differs from a keyboard in the sense that it lacks a traditional "board"; the
keys are arranged in a cluster which is often held in the hand
COMPUTER KEYBOARD is a typewriter-style device which uses an
arrangement of buttons or keys to act as a mechanical lever or
electronic switch. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape,
interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for
computers.

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INPUT - MOUSE
A pointing device is any human interface device that allows a user to input
spatial data to a computer. In the case of mouse and touchpads, this is
usually achieved by detecting movement across a physical surface.
Analog devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks, function by
reporting their angle of deflection. Movements of the pointing device are
echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer, creating a simple,
intuitive way to navigate a computer's graphical user interface (GUI).
There are 3 types of mouse MECHANICAL
OPTICAL
LASER

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INPUT OTHER TYPES INPUTS

WEBCAM

FINGERPRINT
SCANNER

JOYSTICK

3D SCANNER

WII
REMOTE

LASER
RANGEFINDER

MICROSOFT XBOX ONE

KINECT

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PROCESSING
The Processing Unit controls all activities within the system . For
every instruction , the control unit repeat a set of four basic operations
called the machine cycle ; fetch, decode, execute, and store.
Function of CPU :
Fetch a program instruction or data item from memory
Decode the program instruction into signal that computer can execute
Execute the instruction
Store the result on instruction to the memory
Interprets and carries out basic instruction that operate a computer
Control unit direct and coordinates operation in computer
Arithmetic Logic Unit performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical
operations

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PROCESSING (CONTINUED)

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PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
The central processing unit consists of two parts :
Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Each part has specified function. The Control Unit tells the rest of the computer
system how to carry out a programs instructions. It directs the movement
of electronic signals between memory, which temporarily holds data,
instructions and processed information and the arithmetic-logic unit. It also
directs these controls signals between the CPU and input and output devices.
Arithmetic-Logic Unit performs two types of operations:
Arithmetic
Logical
Arithmetic operations are fundamental math
subtraction, multiplication and division.

operations

Addition,

Logical operations consist of comparisons. That is, two pieces of data are
compared to see whether one is equal to, less than or greater than.
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PROCESSING (CONTINUED)

PICTURES OF COMPUTER
CPU

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MEMORY
Memory is a location in which data, instructions, and information are
saved for future use.
. There are two type of storage which are primary and secondary storage.
There are two types of primary storage which are RAM(Random Access
Memory) and ROM(Read Only Memory).
Secondary storage is another alternative storage to keep your work
and documents.
Secondary storage can be divided into three main types:
1. Magnetic medium
2. Optical medium
3. Flash memory:

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MEMORY RAM & ROM

RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is the main memory in a computer. The data in RAM can be read
(retrieve) or written (stored).
RAM holds temporary instructions and data needed to complete tasks. This
enables the computers CPU to access instructions and data stored in memory
very quickly.
RAM stores data during and after processing.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is another type of memory permanently stored inside the computer.
ROM is non-volatile. It holds the programs and data when the computer is
powered off.
Programs in ROM have been pre-recorded. It can only be stored by the
manufacturer, once it is done it cannot be changed.
Many complex functions, such as start up operating instructions, translators for
high-level languages and operating systems are placed in ROM memory.
All the contents in ROM can be accessed and read but cannot be changed.
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MEMORY SECONDARY STORAGE

MAGNETIC MEDIUM:
Magnetic medium is a non-volatile storage medium. Magnetic disks use magnetic
particles to store items such as data, instructions and information in disks surface.
It can be any type of storage medium that utilizes magnetic patterns to represent
information. The devices use disks that are coated with magnetically sensitive
material.
The examples of magnetic storage are: Magnetic disk such as floppy disk, hard disk.
Magnetic tape such as video cassette, tape.
OPTICAL MEDIUM:
Optical medium is a non-volatile storage media that consists of flat, round, portable
disc made of metal and plastic that is written and read by a laser.
Examples: CD, DVD, BD, CD-R, DVD-R, CD-RW, and DVD-RW.
FLASH MEMORY:
Flash memory is a solid-state media which means they consist entirely of electronic
components and contains no moving parts.
Example: multimedia card, PC card, USB drives, thumb drives and pendrives.
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MEMORY
SECONDARY
STORAGE
MAGNETIC MEDIUM:

PICTURES

VIDEO HOME SYSTEM CASSETE

OPTICAL MEDIUM

FLASH MEMORY

OPTICAL DISK

USB THUMBDRIVE / PENDRIVE

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OUTPUT
An output device is any piece of computer hardware item used to communicate the
results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a
computer) which converts the electronically generated information into humanreadable form.
Example of output device :
1.

Monitor (LED, LCD, CRT etc)

2.

Printers (all types)

3.

Plotters

4.

Projector

5.

LCD Projection Panels

6.

Computer Output Microfilm (COM)

7.

Speaker(s)

8.

Head Phone

9.

Visual Display Unit

10. Microfiche

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OUTPUT - DISPLAY
A display device is an output device that visually conveys text,
graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display device
is called soft copy because the information exists electronically and is
displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT
monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions.

EXAMPLE OF DISPLAY
DEVICES
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OUTPUT - AUDIO
The output of a source of audio frequencies, such as an amplifier or
oscillator. For instance, the audio power an amplifier delivers to a
speaker. Also called audio frequency output, or sound output.
Any audible output from a device, component or system for instance that
produced by a speaker also called audio frequency output, or sound output.
In audio components and accessories, connectors such as jacks, which
deliver an output signal, such as that from a CD player to the speaker.

EXAMPLE OF AUDIO OUTPUT DEVICES

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OUTPUT - PRINTER
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers:
Impact Printers
Non-Impact Printers
The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon
which is then pressed on the paper. Characteristics of Impact Printers are
the following ;
Very low consumable costs
Very noisy
Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
A type of printer that does not operate by striking a head against a ribbon.
Examples of nonimpact printers include laser and ink-jet printers. The term
non impact is important primarily in that it distinguishes quiet printers from
noisy (impact) printers.
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OUTPUT PRINTER (CONTINUED)

IMPACT PRINTER

NON IMPACT PRINTER

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