-Conditions in making Intermediate

Joints
1. Timber joints shall be within the
centerline of the members meeting on
a common point so as to prevent
rotation at the joints. Unless steel
strap and gusset plates with bolts are
employed, wood joint should not be
used to counteract tension forces.

connections shall be
provided with dapping or
notching at the strut to
the adjoining member
using dowels, lag screw or
nails to keep the member
in the design position.

plate bolted
connections or
bearing blocks shall
be specified for
structures with large
stresses.

4. Pocket joints that will

collect moisture shall be
avoided. All joints should be
kept aligned and as simple
as possible for ease in
carpentry work.

to hold the strut securely in place.

When the strut carries large
stresses, the following joints may
be employed:
a. Butt block or Angle block
b. Steel S-Shaped bearing plate
c. Cast iron solid angle bear block
d. Cast iron angle bearing block
with web

Steel S-Shaped Bearing

Plate should be the
same width as the top
chord.

Butt Block is hard wood with

the same thickness as the top
chord. The length of the block
should be adjusted to fit all
possible conditions and
interference with other
connections.

Cast Iron Solid Bearing Block

is a solid block covering the
whole width of the top chord
cast at holes not less than
16 mm thick provided with a
lug into the top chord.

Cast Iron Bearing Blockwith web should have a

minimum thickness of
20 mm.

Truss- This Type of joint

is provided with a butt
or angle block at the
center intermediate
joint.

bottom chord.
2. Notching the top chord into the
lower chord with bolts.
3. Using bent strap or shoe plate
with lugs or flats.
4. Using the side plates with flats or
tables.
5. Using malleable cast iron shoe.

3. Using bent strap with lugs of

flats
4. Using steel side plate with
flats or tables riveted to the
plates.
5.Using malleable cast iron
shoe

Splicing is the process of joining two

pieces of materials in their
longitudinal direction in order to
transmit stresses from one member
to the other. Splicing is of three
different ways:
1. by lapping
2. scarfing
3. by fishing

1. by lapping- is simply joining one

member to the other.
2. scarfing is cutting away the
opposite sides of two side blocks
something called splice pads.
3. by fishing- is joining two ends
using two side blocks sometimes
called splice pads.

Timber Framing Fasteners:

The different types of timber
fasteners are:
1. Nails
2. Bolts
3. Lag screw
4. Wood screw
5. Drift bolts and dowels

1. common nail
2. Flooring nail
3. finishing nail
4. Roofing nail
5. Boat etc.
Reminder: If nails are driven parallel
with the grain, the lateral resistance
is decreased by 25 to 30%.

materials for fastening timber joint

under light or heavy stresses.
Framing Bolts are Classified into:
1. Common, ordinary or machine
bolts
2. Drift bolts and dowels
3. Strap bolts
4. U-bolts
5. Eye bolts

Drift Bolts and Dowels- are around or

square iron or steel with or without thread
or point of specified length. Drift bolts is
driven into the hole of the timber with a
diameter 80% smaller than the bolt. Bolt
prevent lateral movement and separation
of the member parallel with the axis.

DOWEL- on the other hand , is

thicker and shorter than the drift
bolt only to prevent lateral
displacement of the connected
parts. Dowel is either iron or
wood pin extended but not
through the members of the
structure to be connected.

The Disadvantages of using dowels are:

1.It does not provide a rigid joint
2.It is difficult to replace
3.It is totally damaged when repair calls
for a defective member

Lag screw- is used to fasten

large pieces of timber under
heavy stresses. The diameter of
lag screw varies from 6mm to
25mm with length from 4 to 30
centimeters. Lag screw is
preferred where bolts are

Wood screw - is used to

avoid splitting and injury
to the wood and to obtain
better fitting and ease of
disassembling when
necessary.

Screw should not be spaced

less than 3 centimeters
across the grain and not
less than 5 centimeters
parallel with the grain.
Spacing of screw on hard
wood should not be less
than 4 centimeters.