Applied Thermodynamics [ME504]

L+T+P = 3+1+3/2
Course Objectives:
To understand the diverse fields of
applications of thermodynamics
To implement the laws of thermodynamics
and
To analyze the working of various
components of mechanical systems
using laws of thermodynamics.
Course Content:
1. Boilers (12 hours)
1. Introduction and applications
2. Classifications and comparison among various types of boilers
3. Requirements of an ideal boiler
4. Boiler mountings and accessories: water level indicator, feed check valve, Blow
off cock, steam separator, safety valves, Feed pump, air preheater, super
heater and economizer
5. Water conditioning
1. Water problems and Benefits of water conditioning
2. Constituents and Characteristics of water
3. Types and causes of scale and deposits
4. Scale deposit prevention methods
2. Air Compressors (9 hours)
2.1 Introduction and classifications of air compressors
2.2 Primary components of a reciprocating compressor
2.3 Processes of a reciprocating compression on P-v diagram, clearance volume,
swept volume, total volume, and effective swept volume and work done, effect of
clearance volume on performance of compressor
2.4 Volumetric, adiabatic and isothermal efficiencies
2.5 Multi stage compression and its advantages, inter-cooling, work done of multi
stage compression with and without clearance volume on representation of processes on
P-v and T-s diagrams
2.6 Other types of air compressors: Centrifugal type, axial type, Roots blower,
Rotary type, screw type
2.7 Comparison among various type of air compressor
3. Refrigeration (10 hours)
3.1 Definition and applications of refrigeration
3.2 Simple and modified vapor compression refrigeration cycles
Ideal and actual vapor compression refrigeration cycles
Representation of corresponding processes on P-h and T-s diagram
Work done and coefficient of performance
3.3 Vapor absorption refrigeration system
Basic vapor absorption refrigeration system, practical vapor absorption
refrigeration system and Electrolux vapor absorption refrigeration system
Comparison between vapor compression and vapor absorption type
refrigeration systems
3.4 Refrigerants
Introduction
Classifications of refrigerants
Desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant
Properties and uses of commonly used refrigerants
4. Air-Conditioning (14 hours)
4.1 Definition and scope of air-conditioning
4.2 Psychometrics and properties of air
4.3 Psychometric chart
4.4 Various processes on psychometric chart and their analysis: sensible heating,
sensible cooling, cooling with dehumidification, cooling with humidification,
heating with dehumidification, heating with humidification, adiabatic mixing of
two streams of moist air
 4.5 Air-conditioning systems: DX system, all air system, all water
system, air-water system, merits and demerits of each system
4.6 Components of air-conditioning systems: Ducts, Fans, Grills,
Registers, Diffusers, Balancing dampers, Air filters, Air handling units,
Fan coil units, Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers

References:
1. Bernard D. Wood, Applications of Thermodynamics, Waveland Press
Inc., Illinois, 2002
2. Carrier Air-conditioning Company, Hand boor of Air-conditioning, System
Design , McGraw-Hill, 2000
3. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE), ASHRAE Hand books, ASHRAE, 2008
4. S.C. Arora and S. domkudwar, A course Refrigeration and Air-
conditioning, Dhanpat rai and Sons, Delhi, 2000
5. R.K. Rajput, Thermal engineering Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2003
6. R.K. Rajput, Refrigeration and air-conditioning, S.K. Kataria & Sons 2004
Practical:
1. Performance of air compressor
2. Performance of vapor compression refrigeration system
3. Performance of Electrolux type refrigerator
4. Air-conditioning processes: Cooling with dehumidification
and cooling with humidification
5. Air-conditioning processes: Heating with dehumidification
and heating with humidification
6. Air-conditioning process: Mixing of two streams of moist air
7. Performance of cooling Tower
8 Study of components of air-conditioning systems.

Evaluation Scheme:
The questions will cover all the chapters of the syllabus.
There may be minor deviation in mark distribution.

Boiler: Introduction & Applications
Aboileris a closedvesselin which wateror otherfluidis heated. In
some cases, fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized
fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating
applications, includingcentral heating,
boiler-based power generation ,cooking, sanitation, food production
and textile.

Thepressure vesselof a boiler is usually made ofsteelor alloy steel

(historically ofwrought iron).Stainless steel, especially of the
austenitictypes, is not used in wetted parts of boilers due to
corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.However, ferritic stainless
steel is often used in superheater sections that will not be exposed
to boiling water, and electrically-heated stainless steel shell boilers
are allowed for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.
Inlive steammodels,copperorbrassis often used because it is
more easily fabricated in smaller size boilers.
Cast ironmay be used for the heating vessel of domestic water
heaters, their purpose isusually to produce hot water, not steam,
and so they run at low pressure.
Types of Boilers:
1. According to the position of axis of boiler: (a)
horizontal (b) vertical & inclined
2. According to the position of firing: (a) fire tube &
(b) water tube
3. According to the position of heat generating unit:
(a) externally fired & (b) internally fired
4. According to water circulation to the boiler: (a)
forced circulation & (b) natural circulation
5. According to the pressure capacity of the boiler
vessel: (a) high pressure & (b) low pressure boilers
6. According to the boiler use: (a) stationary & (b)
portable boilers
7. According to the number of tubes: (a) single tube
& (b) multi-tube boilers
Selecting factors of a
Boiler:
1. The working pressure & quality of steam
required (wet, dry or super-heated steam)
2. Steam generation rate.
3. Floor area available.
4. Accessibility for repair and inspection.
5. Comparative initial cost.
6. Erection facilities.
7. The probable load factor.
8. The fuel and water available.
9. Operating and maintenance costs.
 Essentials of a Good Steam Boiler.

1. The boiler should produce the maximum weight of steam of the

required quality at minimum expenses.
2. Steam production rate should be as per requirements.
3. It should be absolutely reliable.
4. It should occupy minimum space.
5. It should be light in weight.
6. It should be capable of quick starting.
7. There should be an easy access to the various parts of the boiler
for repairs and inspection.
8. The boiler components should be transportable without difficulty.
9. The installation of the boiler should be simple.
10.The tubes of the boiler should not accumulate soot or water
deposits and should be sufficiently strong to allow for wear and
corrosion.
11.The water and gas circuits should be such as to allow minimum
fluid velocity (for low frictional looses).
 Boiler Terms:
1.Shell.
2.Setting.
3.Grate.
4.Furnace.
5.Wtr space &
steam space.
6. Mountings.
7. Accessories.
8. Water level.
9. Foaming.
10. Scale.
11. Blowing off.
12. Lagging.