CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The Structures are basically built to withstand the applied loads. The
application of these loads develops internal forces and deformations
within the structural components. Structural analysis is related with the
determination of forces and deformations experienced by the structure. It
is divided into two types.

Force Analysis.
Deformation Analysis.

1.1FORCE ANALYSIS
Force Analysis involves the calculation of reactions of the supports and
the determination of variation of internal actions (Normal forces,
Shear forces, Bending moments etc.) within the structure.

1.2 DEFORMATION ANALYSIS:

Deformation Analysis involves the evaluation of deformation
(displacements and strains) of the elements of the structure as well as of
the whole structure.

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 1.3 METHOD:
The analysis can be carried out either by classical methods or by matrix
methods.
These matrix methods are best suited for the process of obtaining the
behavior of a series of elements into which the structure has been
subdivided. This idea is based on the finite element concept that enables
the step by step build up of the force deformation relationship of a
structure of which the structure is consisted. Study of the classical
methods followed by a study of the matrix methods provides a better
understanding of the behavior of a structure.
The matrix methods are presented in the present text. These methods can be
easily implemented for the analysis using computer. These methods are
becoming more and more popular as the advancements are going on in
the computational field by using high speed microcomputer. The
computers are now in the reach of almost every engineer and use of
computer for the analysis of structure is now more realized.
1.4 REQUIREMENT:
Following main requirements are to be satisfied by any method of analysis
for any structure. These are:
1-Equilibrium of forces. Equilibrium between the internal forces and
external loads.
2-Compatibility of displacement. Displacement of a structure at a particular
point must be compatible with the strains developed within the structure
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3-Force displacement relationship. specified by geometric and elastic
properties of the elements.
1.5 FORCE AND DISPLACEMENT METHOD
The various methods of analyzing indeterminate structure generally fall in
two classes.
Force method (Flexibility method)
Displacement method (Stiffness method)
1.6 FORCE OR FLEXIBILITY METHOD:
In this method redundant constraints are removed and corresponding
redundant forces (or moments) are placed. An equation of
compatibility of deformation is written in terms of these redundant
and the corresponding displacements. The redundant are determined
from these simultaneous equations. Equations of static's are then used
for the calculation of desired internal action. In this method forces are
treated as the basic unknowns.
1.7 DISPLACEMENT OR STIFFNESS METHOD:
In this method the rotations or the nodal displacements are treated as
unknowns. These are then related to corresponding forces. Stiffness
method is discussed in this book in detail. This method can be extended
to finite element method.

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