12.

1: Truth and Validity in Logical

Arguments
Expectations:
L3.2.1: Know and use the terms of
basic logic
L3.3.3: Explain the difference
between a necessary and a
sufficient condition within the
statement of a theorem.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

Logical Argument Statements
Conclusion final statement
Premises all statements preceding
the conclusion

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Valid Argument
An argument is considered valid if the
conclusion follows logically from the
premises .

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Valid Reasoning
If the premises are all true, then the
conclusion will be ______.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

What conclusion follows from the
premises:
If a polygon is a square, then it is a
rectangle.
If a polygon is a rectangle, then it
is a parallelogram.
ABCD is a square.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Is this a valid conclusion?
Some triangles are isosceles.
ABC is a triangle.
Conclude: ABC is an isosceles
triangle.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Types of Arguments
Modus Ponens: The Law of Detachment
If (p => q) is a true conditional
statement and p is a true statement,
then ___________________________.

This is a valid form of reasoning.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Affirming the Consequent
If (p => q) is a true conditional
statement and q is a true statement,
then p must be true.

This is _____ a valid form of

reasoning.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Determine if the following
conclusion is valid or invalid.
If 2 lines are parallel, then they do
not intersect.
l does not intersect m.
Conclude: l is parallel to m

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Determine if the following
conclusion is valid or invalid.
If a triangle is a right triangle, then it
has a right angle.
ABC is a right triangle.
Conclude: ABC has a right angle.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 More Types of Arguments
Modus Tollens: Law of the Contrapositive
If p => q and ~q are true, then
__________________

This is a ________ form of reasoning.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Denying the Antecedent
If p => q and ~p, then _____________.

This is a ___________ valid form of

reasoning.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Determine if the following
conclusion is valid or invalid.
If x = 4, then x2 = 16.
x2 16
Conclude: x 4

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Determine if the following
conclusion is valid or invalid.
If x = 3, then x2 = 9.
x3
Conclude: x2 9

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Necessary and Sufficient
Conditions
In the statement of a theorem in if- then form,
we can talk about sufficient conditions for the
truth of the statement and necessary
conditions of the truth of the statement.
This is really just another way of looking at the
Law of Detachment and Affirming the
Consequent.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

The ___________ is a sufficient condition
for the conclusion and the
___________ is a necessary condition
of the hypothesis.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Necessary
Consider the statement p => q. We say q is a
necessary condition for (or of) p.
Ex: If if is Sunday, then we do not have school.

A necessary condition of it being Sunday is that

we do not have school, but it is not sufficient to
say it must be Sunday if we do not have
school.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Sufficient Condition
A sufficient condition is a condition that all by
itself guarantees another statement must be
true.

Ex: If you legally drive a car, then you are at

least 15 years old.
Driving legally guarantees that a person must
be at least 15 years old.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 If M is the midpoint of segment AB,
then AM MB.
Given that M is the midpoint, it is
necessary (true) that AM MB.

This means that M being the midpoint is a

____________ condition for AM MB.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

Notice simply saying AM MB does not
guarantee that M is the midpoint of AB,
so it is not a sufficient condition.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

If a triangle is equilateral, then it is isosceles.

A triangle having 3 congruent sides (equilateral)

guarantees that at least 2 sides are
congruent, so a triangle being equilateral is
sufficient to say it is isosceles.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 If a person teaches
mathematics, then they are good
at algebra.
Because Trevor is a math teacher, can we
conclude he is good at algebra. Justify your
answer.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 If a person teaches
mathematics, then they are good
at algebra.
Betty is 32 and is very good at algebra. Can
we correctly conclude that she is a math
teacher? Justify.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

Which is not a sufficient condition
for 2 lines being coplanar?
A. they are parallel
B. they are perpendicular
C. they intersect
D. they have no common points
E. they have 2 common points

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

Which of the following is a necessary but
not sufficient condition for angles to be
supplementary?
A. they form a linear pair.
B. their angle measures add to 180.
C. they are both right angles.
D. their angle measures are 135 and 45.
E. none of the above.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Bi-Conditional Statements
If a statement and its converse are both
true it is called a bi-conditional
statement and can be written in
________________ form.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

Ex:
If an angle is a right angle, then its measure is
exactly 90 and If the measure of an angle
is exactly 90, then it is a right angle are true
converses of each other so they can be
combined into a single statement.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Necessary and Sufficient
If a statement is a bi-conditional statement then
either part is a necessary and sufficient
condition for the entire statement.

Remember all definitions are bi-conditional

statements.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

A triangle is a right triangle iff it has a right
angle.

Being a right triangle is necessary and sufficient

for a triangle to have a right angle and
possessing a right angle is necessary and
sufficient for a triangle to be a right triangle.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Necessary, Sufficient, Both or
Neither
Given the true statement:
If a quadrilateral is a rhombus (4 congruent
sides), then its diagonals are perpendicular.
Is the following statement necessary, sufficient,
both or neither?
The diagonals of ABCD are perpendicular.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Necessary, Sufficient, Both or
Neither
Given the true statement:
A quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if its 4
sides are congruent.
Is the following statement necessary, sufficient,
both or neither?
The sides of ABCD are all congruent.

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments

 Assignment
pages 772 774,
# 7-15 (odds), 21-34 (all)

02/05/17 12.1: Truth and Validity in Logical Arguments