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Basic Plant Cycle
Basic Plant Cycle
The term closed-loop system indicates
that the same water is converted to steam
and condensed for reuse.
As an example, use a 100-gallon water
tank, with a leak rate of 1 gallon of water
per hour. Each hour, 1 gallon of water must
be added to the tank to maintain its
capacity at 100 gallons. A closed-loop
system is very similar to our 100-gallon
tank.
System Losses
Soot blowing
Drains and warming lines
Boiler blowdown
Sample line drains
Boiler stack heat
Turbine condenser latent heat of
vaporization
System Losses
Of the losses listed above, heat loss
out the boiler stack has the greatest
affect on boiler efficiency, but the
greatest loss in most Power Plants is
the latent heat of vaporization that is
lost in the turbine condenser.
Heating
Deaerating
Cleaning
Condensate System
Heating
The feedwater heater is one of the
basic components in many
condensate systems. Condensate
systems may have one or more of
these, depending on size and
design.
Cleaning
In-line condensate polishers are
located in many condensate
systems. Polishers are used to
clean condensate by removing
harmful minerals.
Deaerating
Deaeration, the removal of air and
non-condensable gases from the
condensate, is performed in the
deaerator. The deaerator is an
open-type heater located near
what is considered to be the end
of the condensate system.
Boiler Feedwater
System
Although the boiler feedwater system
is given a different name, the same
water that was pumped through the
condensate system is pumped through
the feedwater system. The water is
still condensate; however, it is now to
be supplied (pumped) to the boiler
and renamed boiler feedwater.
To Economizer
Economizer
Inlet
NRV
HP Heater 8
Outlet
(3-Way Valve)
Deaerator
HP Heater 8
HP Heater 8
Inlet
(3-Way Valve)
Feedwater
Storage Tank
HP Heater 7
Outlet
(3-way Valve)
HP Heater 7
Booster Pump
Motor M M M HP Heater 6
Feed
Regulating
Valve
(2)
Boiler Feedwater
System
Fluid entering the deaerating
heater is condensate and steam,
and the fluid stored in the
deaerator storage tank is
condensate. The feedwater
system begins at this point.
Boiler Feedwater
System
In systems that use feedwater
heaters in the condensate and
feedwater systems, the heaters in
the feedwater system are referred
to as high-pressure heaters.
Boiler Feedwater
System
As an example, condensate
pressure usually ranges between
150 and 450 psig, while the
feedwater system pressure ranges
between 900 and 5000 psig.
Boiler Water Cycle
Feedwater enters the boiler at the
economizer in boilers that have an
economizer. Not all boilers have
economizers, and in those that do not,
feedwater enters the boiler at the
boiler steam drum. The economizer is
located in the flue gas path of the
boiler and performs two important
functions.
Boiler Water Cycle
First, the water is heated by the
thermal energy of the flue gas
before the gas exits the boiler.
Table 1
Table 2
STEAM TABLE
EXAMPLE TWO
Table 3 Enthalpy
Using a hypothetical boiler to
demonstrate use of Table 3, find
the enthalpy of steam at a given
pressure and temperature. Boiler
pressure is 900 psia and
superheater outlet temperature is
900F.
Table 3 Degrees
Superheat
The degrees of superheat
contained in the steam is
determined by the temperature
listed in the column under 900F
that coincides with the SH row for
900 psia. The degrees of
superheat are 368.05. F.
STEAM TABLES
EXERCISES
Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the transmission
of heat energy. Usually thought of
as the flow of heat energy from
one substance to another, heat
transfer plays a central role in
most energy conversion processes.
Conduction
The internal energy of substance
depends upon molecular motion within
the substance. As the temperature of
a substance increases, the molecular
motion increased and thus the internal
energy increases. Heat is transferred
by conduction from molecule to
molecule within a substance or
between touching substances.
Conduction
Conduction
The basic relationship for heat transfer
by conduction through a wall can be
written as follows:
Q = kA(T1 T2 )
Q = UAT
Conduction
q = the rate of heat transfer
(BTU/hr)
U = the overall heat transfer
coefficient (BTU/hr-ft-F)
A = the surface area of heat
transfer (ft2)
T = temperature difference (F)
Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat
by motion and mixing of a fluid. It
usually occurs between a solid and
a fluid (gas or liquid) by a
combination of molecular
conduction and fluid motion.
Convection
Radiation
Radiation
Radiant heat transfer, unlike conduction
or convection, requires no intervening
medium, either solid or fluid. Radiant
heat transfer is, therefore, the only way
to transfer heat energy through a
vacuum. Examples of radiant heat
transfer are the transmission of the suns
heat to the earth, heat that radiates from
a fireplace, or infrared heaters
Combustion Theory
Combustion is defined as the rapid
chemical combination of oxygen
with the combustible elements of a
fuel. Combustible elements are
those elements that combine with
oxygen. The three basic elements
needed for combustion are fuel,
oxygen, and heat.
Combustion Theory
Requirements
Time
for
Complete Combustion
Temperature
Turbulence
Fuel Characteristics
The fuel supplies carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), and sulfur (8),
which combine with oxygen to
produce heat.
Fuel Characteristics
The fuel supplies carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), and sulfur (8),
which combine with oxygen to
produce heat.
Coal is pulverized
Natural gas requires no special
preparation
Combustion Air
Enough air must be supplied to provide
all the oxygen needed for complete
combustion. The theoretical amount of
air required to burn a fuel is determined
by combustion calculations. The
theoretical amount of air, referred to as
theoretical air or stoichiometric air is
the amount required to burn all the fuel
when the two are mixed perfectly
Combustion Air
Coal 10 - 40%
Oil 8 - 15%
Natural gas 5 - 10%
Combustion
Air
In a gas turbine, the fuel is mixed with compressed
air in the combustion chamber and delivered at a
high pressure to the combustors. Only a relatively
small fraction of the air is supplied to the
combustor to provide oxygen for combustion in
comparison to a conventional boiler, however. The
remaining air is used for cooling the combustors
and turbine blading. The air used for combustion
enters the combustion zone through metering holes
that are sized to admit the proper amount of air for
complete combustion. The large amount of excess
air used in gas turbines tends to reduce their
efficiency.
Combustion Air
Fortunately, when a gas turbine is
used in a combined cycle with a
HRSG, it is possible to recover
much of the heat in the exhaust
gas.
Combustion Air
Combustion
Air "combustion
One of the most important
products," oxygen, is not really a combustion
product because it does not enter into the
chemical reactions of combustion. If a fuel
were burned completely with the theoretical
air, there would be no oxygen in the
products of combustion. In real combustion
processes, more air is supplied to the
combustion process than is used to burn the
fuel. As a result, there is oxygen in the
products of combustion (the flue gas).
Combustion Air
If fuel is not burned completely,
additional products of combustion
are:
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Unburned Fuel
Carbon Particles
Combustion Airunburned
Formation of CO and fuel
can result from:
The fuel not being properly mixed
with air
The temperature being too low to
allow fuel to burn completely
The fuel particles being too large to
burn (inadequate mixing)
Undesirable Products of
Sulfur Oxides
Combustion
NOx
Unburned Fuel
Carbon Monoxide
Fly Ash
Heating Value of Fuel
The heating value of fuel is a
parameter that is necessary to
determine how much fuel must be
burned to produce a given amount
of heat for power or steam. The
heating values of fuels are usually
determined by testing.
Energy Losses
In an ideal situation, all the chemical
energy in fuel would be converted into
electrical energy. However, this does
not happen since a great deal of
energy is lost in the Power plant cycle.
The amount of electrical energy that is
produced by a Power Plant is much
less than the amount of chemical
energy used to produce it
Energy Losses
Some major ways in which energy
escapes a Power Plant are as follows:
Flue Gas
Circulating Water
Incomplete combustion
Heat loss to environment
Energy Losses
Flue Gas
Circulating Water
Incomplete Combustion
Incomplete Combustion
Heat Rate
The British thermal unit (Btu) is defined as
the heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 pound of water by 1
degree Fahrenheit.
Heat rate is a method of showing the
performance of a Power Plant. Power
Plants maintain a continuous record of heat
rate as a measure of efficiency of operation
Incomplete Combustion
Heat Rate
Heat Rate Calculations