PCI6 Edition

th

Connection Design
 PresentationOutline

Structural Steel Design

Limit State Weld Analysis
Strut Tie Analysis for Concrete
Corbels
Anchor Bolts
Connection Examples
 Changes

New method to design headed studs (Headed Concrete

Anchors - HCA)
Revised welding section
Stainless Materials
Limit State procedure presented
Revised Design Aids (moved to Chapter 11)
Structural Steel Design Section
Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Combined Loading
Stiffened Beam seats
Strut Tie methodology is introduced
Complete Connection Examples
 StructuralSteelDesign

Focus on AISC LRFD 3rd Edition

Flexural Strength
Shear Strength
Torsional Strength
Combined Interaction
Limit State Methods are carried through
examples
 StructuralSteelDetails

Built-up Members
Torsional Strength
Beam Seats
 SteelStrengthDesign

Flexure

Mp = FyZs

Where:
Mp = Flexural Design Strength
Fy = Yield Strength of Material
Zs = Plastic Section Modulus
 SteelStrengthDesign

Shear

Vn = (0.6Fy)Aw

Where:
Vp = Shear Design Strength
Aw = Area subject to shear
 SteelStrengthDesign

Torsion (Solid Sections)

Tn = (0.6Fy)ht2

Where:
Tp = Torsional Design Strength
= Torsional constant
h = Height of section
t = Thickness
 TorsionalProperties

Torsional Constant,
Rectangular Sections
 SteelStrengthDesign

Torsion (Hollow Sections)

Tn = 2(0.6Fy)t

Where:
Tp = Torsional Design Strength
= Area enclosed by centerline of walls
t = Wall thickness
 TorsionalProperties

Hollow Sections
= wd
 CombinedLoadingStress

Normal Stress
P Mc M
fn , ,
A I S

Bending Shear Stress

VQ V
fv ,
bending It A
Torsion Shear Stress
Tc T T
fv , ,
torsion J ht 2At
2
 CombinedLoading

Stresses are added based on direction

Stress Limits based on Mohrs circle analysis
Normal Stress Limits
fun fy
0.90

Shear Stress Limits

fuv 0.60fy
0.90
BuiltUpSectionExample
 Example

F x
0
TC0
AtF y AcFy 0

At Ac
 DetermineNeutralAxisLocation,y

Tension Area Compression Area

At 4in y Ac 2 3 in1in 3 in y 4in
8 8
Ac 2.25 4 y
4 y 2.25 4 y
Tension = Compression 2.25
y 0.281 in
8
 DefinePlasticSectionModulus,Zp

Either Tension or Compression Area x

Distance between the Tension /
Compression Areas Centroids

Zp At H yt yc
 DetermineCentroidLocations

Tension
y 0.281
yt 0.14 in
2 2

Compression __

yc
Ay
0.683 in
A
 CalculateZp

Zp At H yt yc
Z 4 yH y y
p t c

Zp 4 0.2811.375 0.14 0.683

Zp 0.62 in3
 BeamSeats

Stiffened Bearing
Triangular
Non-Triangular
 TriangularStiffeners

Design Strength

Vn=Fyzbt

Where:
Vn = Stiffener design strength
=Strength reduction factor =
0.9
b = Stiffener projection
t = Stiffener thickness
z = Stiffener shape factor
 StiffenerShapeFactor

b
0.75 2.0
a

2 3
b b b
z 1.39 2.2 1.27 0.25
a a a
 ThicknessLimitation

b 250

t Fy
 TriangularStiffenerExample

Given:
A stiffened seat connection
shown at right. Stiffener
thickness, ts = 3/8 in.
Fy = 36 ksi
Problem:
Determine the design shear
resistance of the stiffener.
 ShapeFactor

b 8
0.8 0.75 and 1.0
a 10

2 3
b b b
z 1.39 2.2 1.27 0.25
a a a

2 3
z 1.39 2.2 0.8 1.27 0.8 0.25 0.8

z 0.315
 ThicknessLimitation

b 250

t Fy

8 250
21.3 41.7
0.375 36

21.3 41.7
 DesignStrength

Vn Fy z b t

Vn 0.9 36 ksi 0.315 8 in 0.375 in
Vn 28.9 kips
 WeldAnalysis

Elastic Procedure
Limit State (LRFD) Design
introduced
Comparison of in-plane C shape
Elastic Vector Method - EVM
Instantaneous Center Method ICM
 ElasticVectorMethod(EVM)

Stress at each point Px Mzy

calculated by mechanics of
fx
Aw Ip
materials principals
Py Mzx
fy
Aw Ip
Pz Mx y Myx
fz
Aw I xx I yy

fr fx2 fy2 fz2

 ElasticVectorMethod(EVM)

Weld Area ( Aw ) based on effective throat

For a fillet weld:

a
Aw lw
2
Where:
a = Weld Size
lw = Total length of weld
 InstantaneousCenterMethod(ICM)

Deformation Compatibility Solution

Rotation about an Instantaneous Center
 InstantaneousCenterMethod(ICM)

Increased capacity
More weld regions achieve ultimate strength
Utilizes element vs. load orientation
General solution form is a nonlinear integral
Solution techniques
Discrete Element Method
Tabular Method
 ICMNominalStrength

An elements capacity within the weld group is based

on the product of 3 functions.
Strength
Angular Orientation
Deformation Compatibility

Rn
j
f g h
 Strength,f

f 0.6 FEXX Aw

Aw - Weld area based on effective throa

 AngularOrientation,g

Weld capacity increases as the angle of the force

and weld axis approach 90o
Rj R g

3
g 1.0 0.5sin 2
 DeformationCompatibility,h
0.3
r r
u u
rcritical rcritical
h 1.9 0.9
a
a
0.32 0.32
0.209 2 0.209 2

Where the ultimate element deformation u is:

0.64
u 1.087 6 a 0.17a
 ElementForce

3
Rn 0.6FEXXAw 1.0 0.5sin 2
j


0.3
r r
u u
rcritical rcritical
1.9 0.9


a
0.32 0.32
0.209 2 a 0.209 2



Where: r and are functions of the unknown location of
the instantaneous center, x and y
 EquationsofStatics
Number of
Elements

F
y
0 Rn Pn 0
yj
j1
Number of

Elements

M
IC
0 Rn rj Pn e r0 0
j
j1
 TabulatedSolution

AISC LRFD 3rd Edition, Tables 8-5 to 8-12

Vn = CC1 Dl

Where:
D = number of 16ths of weld size
C = tabulated value, includes
C1 = electrode strength factor
l = weld length
 ComparisonofMethods

Page 6-47:
 CorbelDesign

Cantilever Beam Method

Strut Tie Design Method
Design comparison
Results comparison of Cantilever
Method to Strut Tie Method
Embedded Steel Sections
 CantileverBeamMethodSteps

Step 1 Determine maximum allowable shear

Step 2 Determine tension steel by cantilever
Step 3 Calculate effective shear friction coeff.
Step 4 Determine tension steel by shear
friction
Step 5 Compare results against minimum
Step 6 Calculate shear steel requirements
 CantileverBeamMethod

Primary Tension Reinforcement

Greater of Equation A or B

1
a h
Eq. A As Vu Nu
fy d d

1 2Vu
Eq. B As Nu
fy 3 e

Tension steel development is critical both in the column and

in the corbel
 CantileverBeamMethod

Shear Steel

Ah 0.5 As An

Steel distribution is
within 2/3 of d
 CantileverBeamMethodSteps

Step 1 Determine bearing area of plate

Step 2 Select statically determinate truss
Step 3 Calculate truss forces
Step 4 Design tension ties
Step 5 Design Critical nodes
Step 6 Design compression struts
Step 7 Detail Accordingly
 StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 1 Determine of bearing area of

plate
Vu
Apl
0.85 f`c

0.75
 StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 2 Select statically determinate

truss
AC I provides
guidelines for
truss angles,
struts, etc.
 StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 3 Determine of forces in the truss

members

Method of
Joints or
Method of
Sections
 StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 4 Design of tension ties

Fnt
As
fy
0.75
 StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 5 Design of critical nodal zone

fcu 0.85 nf`c

where:
n = 1.0 in nodal zones bounded
by structure or bearing areas
= 0.8 in nodal zones
anchoring one tie
= 0.6 in nodal zones
anchoring two or more ties
 StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 6 Check compressive strut limits

based on Strut Shape
The design compressive
strength of a strut
without compressive
reinforcement

Fns = fcuAc
where:
= 0.75
Ac = width of
corbel width
of strut
 StrutTieAnalysisStepsCompression
StrutStrength

From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu 0.85 s f`c

Where:
s function of strut shape / location
= 0.60bottle shaped strut
= 0.75, when reinforcement is provided
= 1.0, uniform cross section
= 0.4, in tension regions of members
= 0.6, for all other cases
 StrutTieAnalysisSteps

Step 7 Consider detailing to ensure

design technique
 CorbelExample

Given:
Vu = 80 kips
Nu = 15 kips
fy = Grade 60
fc = 5000 psi
Bearing area 12 x 6 in.

Problem:
Find corbel depth and reinforcement based on Cantilever
Beam and Strut Tie methods
 Step1CBMCantileverBeamMethod(CBM)

h = 14 in
d = 13 in.
a = lp = 6 in.

From Table 4.3.6.1

Vumax 1000 A cr
2
196 kips 80 kips
1000 12 14 14
1000
 Step2CBMTensionSteel

Cantilever Action

1 a h 1 6 14
As Vu Nu 80 15
fy d d
.75 60 13

13
1.18 in2
 Step3CBMEffectiveShearFrictionCoefficient

e

1000 b h 1000 1 14 14 1.4
Vu 80
3.43 3.4

Use e 3.4
 Step4CBMTensionSteel

Shear Friction

As
1 2Vu
N


1 15
2 80

fy 3 e
u

0.75 60 3 3.4

0.68 in2
 Step5CBMAsminimum

f`c 5
As,min 0.4 b d 0.4 14 13
fy 60
0.61 in2

As based on cantilever action governs

As = 1.18 in2
 Step6CBMShearSteel

15
Ah 0.5 As An 0.5 1.18


0.75 60

0.42 in

Use (2) #3 ties = (4) (0.11 in2) = 0.44 in2

Spaced in top 2/3 (13) = 8 in

 Step1STStrutTieSolution(ST)

Determination of bearing plate size and protection

for the corner against spalling

Required plate area:

Vu 80
Abearing

0.85f`c
0.75 0.85f`c
25.1 in2

Use 12 by 6 in. plate, area = 72 in2 > 25.1 in2

 Step2STTrussGeometry

tan R=Nu / Vu = (15)/(80) = 0.19

l1 = (h - d) tanR + aw + (hc - cc)

= (14 - 13)(0.19) + 6 + (14 - 2.25)
= 17.94 in.

l2 = (hc - cc) ws/2

= (14 - 2.25) - ws/2
= 11.75 - ws/2
 Step2STTrussGeometry

Find ws
Determine compressive force,
Nc, at Node p:

Mm = 0
Vul1+Nud Ncl2=0 [Eq. 1]

(80)(17.94) + (15)(13) Nc(11.75 0.5ws) = 0

[Eq. 2]
 Step2STTrussGeometry

Maximum compressive stress at the nodal

zone p (anchors one tie, n = 0.8)

fcu = 0.85nf`c = 0.85(0.8)(5)= 3.4 ksi

An = area of the nodal zone
= bws = 14ws
 Step2STDeterminews,l2

From Eq. 2 and 3

0.014Nc2 - 11.75Nc - 1630 = 0

Nc = 175 kips

ws = 0.28Nc = (0.28)(175) = 4.9in

l2 = 11.75 - 0.5 ws
= 11.75 - 0.5(4.9) = 9.3
 Step3STSolveforStrutandTieForces

Solving the truss mnop by

statics, the member forces
are:

Strut op = 96.0 kips (c)

Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)
Strut np = 116.8 kips (c)
Tie mp = 14.9 kips (t)
Tie mn = 95.0 kips (t)
 Step4STCriticalTensionRequirements

For top tension tie no

Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)
Fnt 62
As
fy
0.75 60
1.52in2

Provide 2 #8 = 1.58 in2 at the top

 Step5STNodalZones

The width `ws of the nodal zone p has been chosen in

Step 2 to satisfy the stress limit on this zone
The stress at nodal zone o must be checked against the
compressive force in strut op and the applied reaction, Vu
From the compressive stress flow in struts of the corbel,
Figure 6.8.2.1, it is obvious that the nodal zone p is
under the maximum compressive stress due to force Nc.
Nc is within the acceptable limit so all nodal zones are
acceptable.
 Step6STCriticalCompressionRequirements

Strut np is the most critical strut at node p.

The nominal compressive strength of a strut
without compressive reinforcement

Fns = fcuAc
Where:
Ac = width of corbel width of strut
 Step6STStrutWidth

Width of strut np

ws 4.9
Strut Width o

sin(54.4 ) sin(54.4o )
6.03 in
 Step6STCompressionStrutStrength

From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu 0.85 s f`c

Where - bottle shaped strut, s = 0.60

fcu 0.85 0.6 1 5 2.55 ksi

Fns fcu Ac 0.75 2.55 14 6.03 161.5 kips

161 kips 116.8 kips OK

 Step7STSurfaceReinforcement

Since the lowest value of s was used,

surface reinforcement is not required
based on ACI 318 Appendix A
 ExampleConclusion

Cantilever Beam Method Strut-and-Tie Method

EmbeddedSteelSections
 ConcreteandRebarNominalDesignStrengths

Concrete Capacity
0.85 f`c b l e
Vc
1 3.6e
le
 ConcreteandRebarNominalDesignStrengths

Additional Tension Compression

Reinforcement Capacity
2 As fy
Vr
6e
le
1
4.8s 1
le
 CorbelCapacity

Reinforced Concrete

Vn Vc VR
0.75
 SteelSectionNominalDesignStrengths

Flexure - Based on maximum moment in section;

occurs when shear in steel section = 0.0

Zs fy
Vn
0.5 Vu
a
0.85 f`c b
Where:
b = effective width on embed, 250 % x Actual
= 0.9
 SteelSectionNominalDesignStrengths

Shear

Vs 0.6fy h t

where:
h, t = depth and thickness of steel web
= 0.9
 AnchorBoltDesign

ACI 318-2002, Appendix D, procedures

for the strength of anchorages are
applicable for anchor bolts in tension.
 StrengthReductionFactor

Function of supplied confinement reinforcement

= 0.75 with reinforcement

= 0.70 with out reinforcement
 HeadedAnchorBolts

No = CbsANCcrbed,N
Where:
Ccrb = Cracked concrete factor,
1 uncracked, 0.8 Cracked
AN = Projected surface area for a stud or group
ed,N =Modification for edge distance
Cbs = Breakout strength coefficient
f 'c
Cbs 2.22
3 hef
 HookedAnchorBolts

No = 126f`cehdoCcrp

Where:
eh = hook projection 3do
do = bolt diameter
Ccrp = cracking factor (Section 6.5.4.1)
 ColumnBasePlateDesign

Column Structural Integrity

requirements 200Ag
 CompletedConnectionExamples

Examples Based
Applied Loads
Component Capacity
Design of all components
Embeds
Erection Material
Welds
Design for specific load paths
 CompletedConnectionExamples

Cladding Push / Pull

Wall to Wall Shear

Wall Tension

Diaphragm to Wall Shear

Questions?