Drivers and Impact for Optical

Networking Ecosystem
Video and more Video. Shifting to the Cloud Service Providers become
Internet streaming Enterprise and personal IT are moving to
the cloud computing All Play providers

IP Video
Traffic

Other IP
90%
Traffic

2013 - IP at 5x 2008 levels with 90% Video

Exponential Traffic Dynamic Traffic Slow Revenue

Growth Networks Growth
Technology challenges Business challenges
Need more optical Improve service provisioning,
Reduce cost
channel capacity : time and resource utilization :
/bit/switch/transport
100G/400G/1T SDT/ROADM/SDN Confidential , not for distribution 2
 Optical Network Evolution
History and roadmap

2015-
2012
2011
400G/1T
2008 Superchanne
40G/100G
40G Coherent lBandwidth on
80 Channels Demand
2006 100G Coherent
10G networks support
N:M ROADM
40 Channels IP over WDM configuration
DCFless networks
Mesh topology Gridless ROADM
2.5G SDH / Sonet / EoS Colorless /

CWDM, DWDM
ASON GMPLS-based 400G/1T
services support directionless /
ODU basednetworks contentionless transceivers
SDH / Sonet Ring topology
10G/40G channels, WSON GMPLS- Fully automated
Networks East/west protection ready for 100G based network
Increase capacity Reconfigurable coherent
Point-to-point OADM Plug and play
CWDM/DWDM WDM over OTN
Up to 40 channels 10G channels
2.5/10G channels

Continued demand for bandwidth from all applications

Confidential , not for distribution 3

 From Direct Detection to
Coherent Detection
Up to 10G (SE = 0.2 b/s/Hz) 40G/100G/200G coherent solution
(SE > 2 b/s/Hz)
Intradyne Coherent detection
Phase and polarization diverse receiver
Frequency Locked Lasers (<+/- 2 GHz)
Digital Signal Processing at TX/RX

40G non coherent solution (SE = 0.8 b/s/Hz)

TX
RX

Confidential , not for distribution 4

 Current 100G Coherent Transceiver
architecture
Modulation format : DP-QPSK
(Symbol Rate is Bit Rate : 2bit/s symbol x 2pol)
Integrated PDM QPSK
MZM LiNBO3
Modulator

Integrated Coherent receiver

40 nm CMOS ASIC
with 4 (8 bit resolution)
x63 Gsamples/s ADC

* Nelson et al, A Robust Real-Time 100G Transceiver With Soft-Decision Forward Error Correction J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW, vol 4, ,no.
Confidential not 11,2012
for distribution 5
 Current 100G Coherent Transceiver
architecture

DSP block
Coh. Rx D>60000 ps/nm PMD>30 ps

ADCs

Clock recovery
&Interpolation
Ix

Resampling

Frequency & phase

SD- FEC decoder

Soft Symbol
S

Slicing

estimation
90 Qx

recovery
j
LO Hybrid
I
& Detector y OTU4
Qy 112G
j

120G

6-8 bits 1 bit

+reliability bit
Gen Type Code FEC Pre-FEC BER TH. Coding
Over For post FEC<10-15 gain [dB] info
head
1st HD BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri- 7% ~10-4 6-7 dB
Hocquenghem)
and RS (Reed-Solomon) codes
2nd HD Concatenation of RS codes, Viterbi 7% ~1x10-3 8.5-10 dB
convolutional codes and BCH codes (EFEC)
(CBCH)
3rd SD BCT (Block Turbo code) or Turbo 15%- ~2x10-2 10.5-11.5
Product Code (TPC) and LDPC (Low 20% dB
Density Parity Check) codes Confidential , not for distribution 6
 100G submarine Field trial over
4600 km

The 100G trial was carried out over Bezeq Internationals live operational submarine fiber, in
conjunction with the TeraSanta Consortium : demonstration of advanced capabilities of ECI
100G transmission system and technologies in compensating for non-linear channel impairments
and chromatic dispersion utilizing advanced SD-FEC algorithms.

DMUX

100G
Apollo
Platform
100G

MUX

Confidential , not for distribution 7

 Next Generation of Coherent Transceiver :
: Software Defined Transceiver (SDT)

28 or 20 nm CMOS ASIC with

DAC/ADC and DSP capabilities in
both TX/RX
Power reduction
Higher computational strength
Adapt modulation format/Symbol
rate

ADC DAC
Technol. Gate GA
(8bits) (8bits)
Si Photonics IC with
110-130 110-130
150- Electronic and Optical
28 nm GS/s GS/s 2013
200M
1.7W 0.7W functionality
110-130 110-130
200-
20 nm GS/s GS/s 2014
250M
1.2W 0.5W

Client Data FEC Modulation TX Optical

Rate overhead format DSP Carrier

100G/150G/200G 0%-30% BPSK/QPSK/ Pulse Shaping Flexgrid tunable laser

/400G/1T 8-QAM/16QAM (C/L band)
Confidential , not for distribution 8
 New DSP features

Nyquist spectral shaping at TX : increases of the spectral

efficiency by reducing the channel bandwidth to ~ symbol rate
4

2
In phase symbol value

-1
Raised Cosine FIR filter
-2

-3

-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
symbol index

0.8

0.6
Tap coefcient

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tap index
12 14 16 18
Confidential , not for distribution 9
 New DSP features

Self diagnostic monitoring features :

Accumulated Chromatic Dispersion monitor
PMD monitor
OSNR monitor
ESNR monitor

Still missing : Efficient nonlinear compensation technique

Current state of the art techniques based on digital back
propagation or Volterra Series are too complex for real time ASIC
implementation
Nonlinear optical impairments are the ultimate limitations in optical
network

Confidential , not for distribution 10

 Transmission Technology options
for 400 Gb/s
Modulation Gbit/s OSNR min [dB]
4x120G DP-QPSK 120 12.5
Symbol Rate

DACs/ADC and
DP-16QAM 240 18.5

Limitations of

electronics
f 90 Gbaud DP-16QAM 480 21.5
4 bands with DP-QPSK (30Gbaud) DP-256QAM 480 >30
No spectral efficiency improvement 60 Gbaud
over 100G
Suitable for long haul (>2000 km)
30 Gbaud
QPSK 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 256-QAM
1 bands with DP-16 QAM (60 Gbaud) 1 Constellation
High spectral efficiency
Reach Limited to Metro (~700 km) 2
Reach Limited size
<<100km
3
1x480G
4 1 bands with DP-256 QAM (30 Gbaud)
Extremely high spectral efficiency
Reach Limited (~100 km)
2 bands with DP-16 QAM (30 Gbaud)

High spectral efficiency 1x480G

Reach Metro /Long Haul distances
Subcarriers/band 2x240G

f
f Confidential , not for distribution 11
 Hybrid Raman Amplifiers
Improving transmission reach
Complex Coherent modulation formats like 200G DP-16QAM require for 6-8 dB
OSNR improvement with respect with current 100G DP-QPSK modulation
format
The use of hybrid Raman-EDFA amplification schemes is required to improve
the received OSNR or mitigate the nonlinear penalties by lowering the launched
power into the fiber : can improve the transmission reach by 100%

10
10

555 Non
Non linear
linear impairments
impairments
00
] ]]
[dBm
[dBm
r [dBm

-5
-5-5
power
l powpower
e

-10
-10
-10
signal
signal
al signa

With Hybrid
Optical
Optical

-15
-15
-15 Raman EDFA
amplification
Optic

-20
-20
-20
Low OSNR
Low OSNR
-25
-25
-25
000 20
20
20 40
40
40
FiberLength
Fiber
60
60
60
Length[km]
[km]
80
80 100
100
Fiber Length [km]
Confidential , not for distribution 12
 Superchannels
Improving spectral efficiency beyond 100G

Future services of 400Gb/s and 1T will be packed into super

channels, in order to provide optimum flexibility and reach
performance tradeoffs :
400G : 2 channels spaced by 37.5 GHz
1T : 5 channels spaced by 37.5 GHz

For optimized spectral efficiency, Super channels use Nyquist

spectral shaping and Flexgrid WSS ROADMs

Confidential , not for distribution 13

 Flexgrid Networks
To increase spectral efficiency, we move from a fixed channel grid
(50GHz/100GHz) to flexible channel grid management :
6.25 GHz grid
12.5 GHz bandwidth granularity
The channel spectral slot is adapted on a per channel basis using :
10G/ 40G on 25 GHz slot
100G and 200G on 37.5 GHz slot
400G on 75 GHz slot
1T on 187.5 GHz slot
400G 100G 1T
40G 10G
Fixed
50GHz grid

f
50 GHz

400G 100G 1T Increase by 25 % the

10G available useable fiber
Flex grid
bandwidth

40G f
50 GHz Confidential , not for distribution 14
 Flex Grid Technology enablers

Very stable tunable lasers compatible with 6.25 GHz grid resolution

Flexgrid ROADMs :
First generation of WSS allocated a channel on a single MEM based pixel

Flexible WSS based on LCoS technology use a flexible matrix based wavelength
switching platform with megapixel matrices allowing programmable channel bandwidth

* EXFO Webinar : 400G Technologies: the new challenges that lie ahead,04/02/2014
http://www.exfo.com/library/multimedia/webinars/400g-technologies-challenges Confidential , not for distribution 15
 Optical Network Node with Full Flexibility

Network node capabilities are enhanced with new

features allowing full flexibility :
Flexgrid : any channel/ superchannel can be directed
towards any other node
Colorless
Directionless
Contentionless

Flexgrid WSS

Confidential , not for distribution 16

 Optical Network Node with Full Flexibility
Network node capabilities are enhanced with new features
allowing full flexibility :
Flexgrid
Colorless : any wavelength can be added or dropped at any port
Directionless
Contentionless

Confidential , not for distribution 17

 Optical Network Node with Full Flexibility
Network node capabilities are enhanced with new
features allowing full flexibility :
Flexgrid
Colorless
Directionless : any wavelength can be directed at any
direction an reach a given port
Contentionless

Confidential , not for distribution 18

 Optical Network Node with Full Flexibility
Network node capabilities are enhanced with new
features allowing full flexibility :
Flexgrid
Colorless
Directionless
Contentionless : Multiple channels of the same wavelength
can be dropped or added by a single module

Confidential , not for distribution 19

 Optimum management of the optical
spectrum resources
Optimized routing and resource allocation algorithms
for flexible optical networking
Conventional Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) algorithms can
be used only for rigid grid networking
New paradigms based on Routing and Spectral allocation Assignment
(RSA) algorithms should be developed for flexible grid networking
Need
Physical Impairment awareness and optimal to findofoptimum
combination Software
strategies
Defined Transceiver parameters (modulation for spectrum
format/symbol rate, FEC
overhead) will be required
defragmentation
Rigid grid network
Flex grid network

Confidential , not for distribution 20

 Software Defined Networking : Why ?
Flexible Multi-layer Networking
Bandwidth hungry services (video, mobile data, cloud services) lead
to new traffic characteristics :
Rapidly changing traffic patterns
High Pic to average traffic ratio
Large Data chunk transfers
Asymmetric traffic between nodes

SDN will turn the networks into programmable virtualized resource for
better efficiency and automation

Confidential , not for distribution 21

 Software Defined Networking
Flexible Multi-layer Networking

Network Application requirements

User I/Fs Dynamic connectivity
Apps
Bandwidth
Open APIs QoS
Resiliency

SND Control Hardware Abstraction

Plane & Virtualization SDN Control Plane
Aware of Application requirement
Optimized resource and configuration
OpenFlow
Multi layer network

Multi layer Network

Elements
elements

Ethernet switch/MPLS router

OTN switch
ROADM, SDT
Fiber switch

Confidential , not for distribution 22

 Conclusion

The future optical transport networking will provide better

Capacity : coherent modulation formats, superchannel, better SE
Flexibility : software defined transceivers, flexible grid, flexible
CDC ROADMs nodes
Resource utilization : impairment aware- RSA algorithms, SDN

The future optical transport networking needs to provide :

Efficient nonlinear optical impairment compensation techniques
Strategies for pro-active and re-active spectrum defragmentation
and fragmentation awareness in service expansion and
contraction policies
Energy efficient strategies
Capex and Opex reductions

Confidential , not for distribution 23