Enthalpy

CHM 102 Sinex

Enthalpy (H) ~ heat content (q) @ constant pressure

H = thermal (heat) energy change = q

Physical process
H2O (l) + energy H2O (g)

Hvap = 44 kJ/mole
heat of vaporization

What happens for the reverse process?

H = - 44 kJ/mole and exothermic
CHM 102 Sinex
 What does the sign of the enthalpy tell you?

Endothermic process or reaction

H > 0 or positive

Exothermic process or reaction

H < 0 or negative

Endothermic or exothermic?

H20 (l) H2O (s)

CHM 102 Sinex
 Standard State Conditions

Temperature - 25oC or 298K

Pressure 1.00 atm
Element in its stable state

O (g) Br2 (g) C (diamond)

O2 (g)
Br2 (l) C (graphite)
O2 (l)
Br2 (s)
O3 (g)

CHM 102 Sinex

Chemical process

C (graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 394 kJ

Hof = -394 kJ/mole

This is the standard molar enthalpy of formation

for the formation of one mole substance from its
elements in their standard states.

Hof = 0 kJ/mole for free elements

CHM 102 Sinex

Combustion of methanol

2CH3OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

Hof: -239 kJ/mol 0 -394 -242

Hrxn = nHof,products - nHof,reactants

where n is the number of moles

How about just vaporizing the methanol?

CH3OH (l) CH3OH (g)

Hof: -239 kJ/mol -201 kJ/mole
CHM 102 Sinex
 Describe all processes for the following:

I2 (s) 2I (g)

I2 (s) I2 (g) Hsubl =

Hof: 0 62

I2 (g) 2I (g) Hdiss =

Hof: 62 107 Bond energy

overall: I2 (s) 2I (g) Hrxn =

CHM 102 Sinex
 Energy Diagram

2I (g)

I2 (s) 2I (g) 2I (g) I2 (s)

Endothermic rxn Exothermic rxn

I2 (g)

I2 (s)

CHM 102 Sinex

From an energetics point of view, what is
happening in each case for the water? Is
the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

H20

2H + O H+ + OH- H2 + 0.5O2
Breaking Breaking Breaking both
both O-H one O-H O-H bonds and
bonds bonds forming H-H and
O=O bonds (need
endothermic
CHM 102 Sinex answer bond energies)
Compare the H for this reaction calculated
by Hf data with that calculated from bond
energies.

Bond Energy Calculator - an interactive Excel spreadsheet - Click here

CHM 102 Sinex

Write the reaction used for the measurement
of the standard molar enthalpy of formation of
benzene.
6C (graphite) + 3H2 (g) C6H6 (l)
answer

Do you think this reaction is possible?

Reacting graphite in the presence of

hydrogen gas will not produce benzene.
So how do we get the Hf for benzene?
answer

CHM 102 Sinex