Energy Elements: Engr. Ahmad Bilal

Chapter 3
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Energy Elements
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Engr. Ahmad Bilal

Assistant Professor
University of Lahore
Ahmad.bilal@dce.uol.edu.pk
Energy Elements
All electrical components have three properties
1. Resistance
2. Capacitance
3. Inductance.
Resistor
A resistor is a two terminal
passive device . In this
example the terminal are
being represented by A and
B.
Resistorsact to reduce
current flow, and, at the
same time, act to lower
voltage levels within circuits.
Ohms Law
Ohm's Lawdeals with the relationship between voltage and current
in an ideal conductor
Lets focus on definition, the definition , has some few basic words,
Voltage
Current
Conductor
Ohms Law Continued
Ohms Law
We have already discussed in previous discussions that ,
greater the voltage is , greater is the value of current in
circuit. We also discussed that resistor also reduce the
flow of current. Keeping all these observations in mind we
can come up with , following conclusions .
1. Current is directly proportional to the voltage
2. Current is inversely proportional to resistance
OHMS LAW
Mathematically it can be considered as
And
Combining above both equations we get
OHMS LAW : Magic Triangle
Characteristic Curve of Voltage
and Current
In this discussion we will try to
visualize the concept of current
and voltage through a resistor
Lets say we need to find the
values of I(current) for a resistor ,
when a value of V is
0volts,
2 volt ,
4 volt,
6 volt
8 volt
Characteristic Curve of Voltage
and Current
For the following circuit, find the current
What will be the value of Current, if the voltage in above example
is doubled
Work Power and
Energy
Work
Work is expenditure of energy
Work and energy, both have same units of joules.
Energy or word is used to overcome soma obstacle.
For example boing a water.
A cup of water need 90000 J to heat a cup of water .
Joules
Joule is defined as the

energy dissipated as heat
when an electric current of
one ampere passes through
a resistance of one ohm for
one second.
It is named after the English

physicist James Prescott
Joule.
Power in Resistors
We
already know that resistor is a
passive device . The power across
resistor is given by
Or
We can calculate the value of power and

energy for both constant and time
variable values .One must remember
that resistor always dissipate power in
form of heat . An example is heater ,
water rod
Power and Energy Formulas
We have already defined power before as rate of change of
work/energy with respect to time. It has a units of watts.
Mathematically it is defined as
or
Similarly from here we can also derive formula for work
The unit is joules or watts.sec

Energy Delivered to the resistor .
Similarly in previous discussion we have already discussed that if we take an
integral of power with respect to time , we get a new term Energy
Energy
Energy absorbed by a resistor is
Or
As resistor is a passive element , resistor can not supply energy , and always
absorb energy . Same phenomena can be showed using , VI characteristic of
Power and Voltage in circuit
Lets say if we connect a lamp to a
bulb to some battery, the battery will
start providing energy, to the lamp.
The bulb will convert the electrical
energy to light energy. Hence the
power consumed by the lamp to
provide us the lamp will depend on
the amount of voltage or current
associated with the lamp. We already
know
If we multiply v and I we will get
VxI=
Which is same as power , so concluding we can say that
P=V x I [watts][j/s]
Relation of Power and Ohms Law
Power is directly proportional to the voltage and current passing
through a element.
Similarly, the power consumed by a device, also depends on
resistance offered by the element to current and voltage.
Hence we can also derive a formula for power with respect to the
resistance, through which we need to calculate the power .
Equation A
Equation B
Putting value of Putting value of V
I from equation from equation B
A

Colour Coding of Resistor
In most cases, the resistor is presented with colored rings (bands)
around it.
Each color corresponds to a digit.
The correspondence between the digits and the colors of the bands
is named the resistor color code:
This code is used to determine the value of a resistor or indicate
its values
Resistorshave standard colors for identification of the resistance
value. In order, the colors are: black, brown, red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, violet, gray, and white.
Hold the resistor with the gold or silver band to the right and read
the resistor from the left to the right.
Normally bands are usually "left justified" to reduce the likelihood

of being miss-read
The first two bands provide significant figures of the codes . The
third gives the multiplier
The fourth determines the tolerance

The Colors are
Orange
Blue
Black ,
which gives us values of 36 ohm

The Colors are
Yellow
White
Orange
which gives us values of 49 K Ohm

The Colors are
Red
Red
Red
Silver,
which gives us the value of 2.2 K Ohm with 10 %

tolerance
Power Rating of A Resistor
The power rating of a resistor is the measure of the heat
dissipated by a resistor from voltage .
If more voltage or current is supplied to a resistor , than the given

threshold , the amount of energy converted to heat by a resistor ,
will increase, which will burn the resistor
Video
Find the maximum current that can be passed from a resistor of 20 Watts
having value of 20 K .

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Chapter 3

Engr. Ahmad Bilal

Combining above both equations we get

OHMS LAW : Magic Triangle

Joule is defined as the

It is named after the English

We can calculate the value of power and

We have already defined power before as rate of change of

The unit is joules or watts.sec

Similarly in previous discussion we have already discussed that if we take an

In most cases, the resistor is presented with colored rings (bands)

Normally bands are usually "left justified" to reduce the likelihood

The fourth determines the tolerance

which gives us values of 36 ohm

The Colors are

which gives us values of 49 K Ohm

which gives us the value of 2.2 K Ohm with 10 %

The power rating of a resistor is the measure of the heat

If more voltage or current is supplied to a resistor , than the given

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