PROTEIN RICH

AND HIGH FATTY

FOODS
 DRUG-FOOD INTERACTIONS

The relationships and interactions between foods, the nutrients they contain
and drugs are gaining recognition in the health care and medical fields.
Certain foods and specific nutrients in foods, if ingested concurrently with
some drugs, may affect the overall bioavailability, pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of the medications.

Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of many drugs depends on the

nutritional status of the individual. In other words, the presence or absence of
some nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract and/or in the bodys physiological
system, such as in the blood, can enhance or impair the rate of drug
absorption and metabolism.
Drug-food interactions can happen with both prescription and over-the-
counter
medicines, including antacids, vitamins and iron pills. Foods containing active
substances that interact against certain medications can produce unexpected
or adverse effects. Pharmacist can give the Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical
and Clinical Research Vol.2 Issue 4, October.-December. 2009 information of
such interactions to the patients.2 Nutrients include food,
beverages and dietary supplements.

Consumption of these substances may alter the effects of drugs the patient
takes.
More about Proteins
What is Protein interaction
Protein is the main agents of biological function
Protein determine the phenotype of all organisms
Protein don't function alone
interaction with other proteins
interaction with other molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA)
What is Protein interaction
Protein is the main agents of biological function
Protein determine the phenotype of all organisms
Protein don't function alone
interaction with other proteins
interaction with other molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA)
Protein interaction generally means physical contact between
proteins and their interacting partners.
Protein associate physically to create macromolecular structures of
various complexities and heterogeneities
Protein pair can form dimers, multi-protein complexes or long chains
But it always need not to be physical
Besides physical interactions protein interaction means metabolic or
genetic correlation or co-localization
Metabolic -> in same pathway
Genetically correlated -> co-expressed
Co-localization -> protein in the same cellular compartment
PPI Network
PPI network
represents interaction
among proteins
Each node represent
a protein
Each link represents
an interaction

A PPI network of the proteins encoded by

radiation-sensitive genes in mouse, rat, and
human, reproduced from [89].
PPI Network
Some use of PPI network
To learn the evolution of different proteins
About different systems they are involved
Network can be used to learn interaction for other
species
Helpful to identify functions of uncharacterized
proteins
What is Protein interaction
Protein interaction generally means
physical contact between proteins and
their interacting partners.
Protein associate physically to create
macromolecular structures of various
complexities and heterogeneities
Protein pair can form dimers, multi-
protein complexes or long chains
What is Protein interaction
But it always need not to be physical
Besides physical interactions protein
interaction means metabolic or genetic
correlation or co-localization
Metabolic -> in same pathway
Genetically correlated -> co-expressed
Co-localization -> protein in the same
cellular compartment
PPI Network
PPInetwork represents interaction
among proteins
Each node represent a protein
Each link represents an interaction
 PPI Network

A PPI network of the proteins encoded by radiation-sensitive genes in

mouse, rat, and human, reproduced from [89].
PPI Network
Some use of PPI network
To learn the evolution of different proteins
About different systems they are involved
Network can be used to learn interaction
for other species
Helpful to identify functions of
uncharacterized proteins
What is Protein interaction
Proteinis the main agents of biological
function
Protein determine the phenotype of all
organisms
Protein don't function alone
interaction with other proteins
interaction with other molecules (e.g.
DNA, RNA)
What is Protein interaction
Protein interaction generally means
physical contact between proteins and
their interacting partners.
Protein associate physically to create
macromolecular structures of various
complexities and heterogeneities
Protein pair can form dimers, multi-
protein complexes or long chains
What is Protein interaction
But it always need not to be physical
Besides physical interactions protein
interaction means metabolic or genetic
correlation or co-localization
Metabolic -> in same pathway
Genetically correlated -> co-expressed
Co-localization -> protein in the same
cellular compartment
PPI Network
PPInetwork represents interaction
among proteins
Each node represent a protein
Each link represents an interaction
 PPI Network

A PPI network of the proteins encoded by radiation-sensitive genes in

mouse, rat, and human, reproduced from [89].
PPI Network
Some use of PPI network
To learn the evolution of different proteins
About different systems they are involved
Network can be used to learn interaction
for other species
Helpful to identify functions of
uncharacterized proteins
Interactions
Antihypertensive Drugs and Protein
Rich Food
Patients placed on anti hypertensive
drugs will benefit from concomitant
moderate sodium restricted diets.
Propranolol serum levels may be
increased if taken with rich protein food.
A change in diet from high
carbohydrates/low protein to low
carbohydrate/high protein may result in
increased oral clearance.
Interactions
Protein-Rich Foods with Propranolol,
Carbidopa/Levodopa and Theophylline

Protein-rich foods can interfere with or potentiate the

absorption of various medications. Consuming a meal high
in protein and taking propranolol concurrently can
increase the beta-blocker's bioavailability. When propanolol
was given with protein-rich foods, a mean increase in
bioavailability of 53% was reported.6Coadministration of
protein and propranolol may increase such adverse events
as bradycardia, hypotension, and, due to nonselectivity for
beta-1 receptors, bronchoconstriction.3High-protein diets
can decrease concentration and efficacy of
carbidopa/levodopa and theophylline, resulting in
subtherapeutic conditions and exacerbation of conditions.
Fatty Acids
 Fat
An energy-dense source of fuel
Cushions and protects bones, organs, and nerves
Helps maintain body temperature
Provides essential fatty acids
Is needed for the absorption of fat-soluble
vitamins and carotenoids
Essential
fatty acids are precursors to
Arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA which
manufacture
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
 Bronchiodilators and High-Fatty Foods
Bronchodilators like theophylline, albuterol, and
epinephrine possess different effects with food.
The effect of food on theophylline medications
can vary widely. High-fat meals may increase
the amount of theophylline in the body, while
high-carbohydrate meals may decrease it.
Sustained-release
theophylline products when taken with
high-fat foods may cause a sudden release
(dose dumping) of theophylline, resulting
in increased theophylline concentrations and
possible toxicity. Children are more prone to
this interaction than adults.
 Esomeprazole and High-Fat Meal
A study was conducted on a latest
molecule esomeprazole (acid-reducer),
and it was observe that its bioavailability
was reduced when taken within 15 min
before eating a high-fat mealvs.that
while fasting
 Antitubercular Drugs and High-Fat Meals
Anti-tubercular drugs like isoniazid have been
associated with tyramine and histamine
interactions.Inhibition of monoamine oxidase and
histaminase by isoniazid can cause significant
drug-food interactions. Food greatly decreases
isoniazid bioavailability.Oleanolic acid, a
triterpenoid exists widely in food, medicinal herbs
and other plants, has antimycobacterial activity
against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, when
administered with isoniazid, it exerts synergistic
effect.
High fat meals decrease the serum concentration
of cycloserine, a bacteriostatic anti-tubercular drug
and results in incomplete eradication of bacteria.
Effects of Fatty Acids
and Glycation on Drug Interactions with Human Serum
Albumin.
The presence of elevated glucose concentrations in diabetes is a metabolic
change that leads to an increase in the amount of non-enzymatic glycation that
occurs for serum proteins. One protein that is affected by this process is the main
serum protein, human serum albumin (HSA), which is also an important carrier
agent for many drugs and fatty acids in the circulatory system. Sulfonylureas
drugs, used to treat type 2 diabetes, are known to have significant binding to
HSA. This study employed ultrafiltration and high-performance affinity
chromatography to examine the effects of HSA glycation on the interactions of
several sulfonylurea drugs (i.e., acetohexamide, tolbutamide and gliclazide) with
fatty acids, whose concentrations in serum are also affected by diabetes. Similar
overall changes in binding were noted for these drugs with normal HSA or
glycated HSA and in the presence of the fatty acids. For most of the tested drugs,
the addition of physiological levels of the fatty acids to normal HSA and glycated
HSA produced weaker binding. At low fatty acid concentrations, many of these
systems followed a direct competition model while others involved a mixed-mode
interaction. In some cases, there was a change in the interaction mechanism
between normal HSA and glycated HSA, as seen with linoleic acid. Systems with
only direct competition also gave notable changes in the affinities of fatty acids at
their sites of drug competition when comparing normal HSA and glycated HSA.
This research demonstrated the importance of considering how changes in the
concentrations and types of metabolites (e.g., in this case, glucose and fatty
acids) can alter the function of a protein such as HSA and its ability to interact
with drugs or other agents.
 END

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