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Jona Johari
Jakarta, 03 April 2014
Table of contents
Lift Force
Wave + Current
Soil Resistance
Lift Force
Wave + Current
Soil Resistance
Hydrodynamic loading
Waves (oscillatory) & steady current
Wave spreading & directionality
Seabed roughness (boundary layer effects)
Steady Wave-induced
current component current component
Design current
Measurement Techniques
Current meters: Impellers, acoustic, electromagnetic
Mounted on taut wire mooring system
Seabed anchor, buoy beneath surface
Surface vessel retrieval
Current measurements through water column
Seabed, mid-depth, surface
Determine velocity profile
Data sampling and record duration
Separate tidal, residual current design current
Error sources
Data set length, extrapolation error from short data
sets, local flow disturbances, height error, wave-orbital
motion
Steady Currents
1/ 7
y
u u1
y
1
y
Design Wave Prediction
Measurement techniques
Visually based observations, wave-rider buoys, pressure transducers
Wave terminology
Wave height, wave period
Wave orbital velocity
Hmax
Which Wave to Apply?
SURFACE PARAMETERS
- Wave height
- Wave period
- Water depth
- Directionality
CHOOSE APPROPRIATE
WAVE THEORY
- Linear Airy
- Stokes Order n
- Stream Function
DEPTH DEPENDENT
PARAMETERS
- Wave orbital velocities
- Wave orbital
accelerations
API RP2A LRFD
Linear Airy Wave Theory
H gT cosh 2 z d
u cos
2 L cosh 2d / L
u gH cosh 2 z d / L
sin
t L cosh 2d / L
Stokes (higher order Linear Airy)
- More accurate
Stream Function
Wave orbital velocity
varies with phase angle
- Shallow and deep water
- More computational power
Max acceleration
Max velocity
Worst Case Directionality
Angel
Lambert-Hermes
Crossing
NRA 30 Pipeline
1TL to shore
Combination of Wave and Current Components
Uw
Uw @ W
Steady current component usually
Due to Hs lags or precedes wave component
Find time of maximum water velocity
due to combination of wave-induced
Uc t and steady current components at the
Uc @ W
seabed
Due steady WEL terms this 'Time W'
current
Time W t
Presenting Design Environmental Data
METOCEAN REPORT
Morrisons Equations
Drag: 1
FD CD w D uw uc
2
2 Lift FL
Lift: 1
FL CL w D uw uc
2 Wave + Current
2 Inertia FI
Inertia: D2
FI CM w aw
4 Submerged
Weight W s
Drag FD
Flateral = FD + FI
Soil Resistance
Fvertical = FL
Side-scan sonar
- Seabed image along pipeline corridor
- Shows existing obstructions
- 100m to 500m wide
Geotechnical Investigation
Seabed soil type/parameters for design
Insitu: PCPT testing, T-bar, vane
Retrieve samples for lab testing
- Vibrocoring (disturbed sample)
- Gravity piston, box corer (undisturbed)
Lateral Seabed Resistance
Pipeline-Seabed
Increasing roughness (coatings, soil) Increasing friction resistance
Interface
The value of the lateral friction coefficient on sand should generally lie in the
range 0.5 - 0.9;
TYPE OF SAND PIPE SURFACE
STEEL SURFACE CONCRETE SURFACE UNSPECIFIED
The value of the lateral friction coefficient on clay should generally lie in the
range 0.3 - 0.75;
The value of the lateral friction coefficient on Silt should generally lie in the
range 0.1 - 0.75;
SMOOTH ->SMOOTH->
ROUGH ROUGH
Ws FL FD FL
Maximum wave, steady current
Lower bound single friction factor, embedment
Safety Factor = 1.1 min.
Submerged Weight
Lift FL W s = W in air - W buoyancy
Wave + Current
Inertia FI Win air:
- steel pipe
- CRA liner
Submerged - coatings
Drag FD
Weight Ws - marine growth
- min. contents
Soil Resistance
Simplified Method (Veritec RP-E305)
During late 80s & 90s significant effort was spent to understand hydrodynamic loads and
soil resistance
Several software programmes emerged for performing Dynamic, three-dimensional (3D)
analysis (note simplified is 2D)
AGA (American Gas Association)
Concern regarding the burial behaviour of pipeline in sand-type soils
MARINTEK - PONDUS & PIPE
J P Kenny 3D SIMULATOR
Resulting pipeline
displacement, forces,
moments and stresses
3D Analysis
Step 1a - Generate Seastate (Spectral Analysis)
Generate 3D surface seastate with time.
Wave Height
4
3.17
W av e W H 1 (m )
2
3
imax t runc 1 s
1 j
imax t runc 1000 s
1
Time
Time
Route selection
Primary Stabilisation - increase submerged weight
- Concrete weight coating (Least expensive!!)
- Increase wall thickness (should try avoid using for stability design)
Secondary Stabilisation External restraints
- Gravity anchors
- Rock dumping
- Trenching
- Rock anchors
- Strategic anchors
Route Optimisation
Coastline
Route A A
Shorter Route
More onerous hydrodynamic loading
B
More stabilisation requirements
Route B
Platform Longer Route
Less hydrodynamic loading
Less stabilisation requirements
Sand
Rock
Lessons Learned
Acceptance criteria
- Consider allowable stresses when determining acceptable movement
- Past have used 20m recommended allowable from DNV RP-E305
3D analysis with realistic yield curve soils model provides accurate stress
analysis
- Yield surface captures variable restraint from seabed along pipeline
- Stresses more realistic/accurate
Stability Design Impact on Project Cost
Water Depth WD m
Design Wave Height (Max. Wave) Hmax m
Design Wave Period Tp s
Wave Direction w degrees
Steady Current Velocity m/s
Uc
Steady Current Direction degrees
Steady Current Reference Height c m
Density of Seawater zr kg/m3
water
Project Example - Calculation