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The document discusses the Frankfurt School and critical theory. It was founded in Frankfurt, Germany in the 1920s-1930s and focused on developing Marxist studies. Key figures included Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, and Benjamin. Critical theory seeks to liberate humans from circumstances that enslave them by interpreting and reinterpreting Marxist concepts like commodification. It aims to critique and change society rather than just explain it. The Frankfurt School coined the term "culture industry" to refer to standardized cultural goods mass produced to manipulate society.
The document discusses the Frankfurt School and critical theory. It was founded in Frankfurt, Germany in the 1920s-1930s and focused on developing Marxist studies. Key figures included Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, and Benjamin. Critical theory seeks to liberate humans from circumstances that enslave them by interpreting and reinterpreting Marxist concepts like commodification. It aims to critique and change society rather than just explain it. The Frankfurt School coined the term "culture industry" to refer to standardized cultural goods mass produced to manipulate society.
The document discusses the Frankfurt School and critical theory. It was founded in Frankfurt, Germany in the 1920s-1930s and focused on developing Marxist studies. Key figures included Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, and Benjamin. Critical theory seeks to liberate humans from circumstances that enslave them by interpreting and reinterpreting Marxist concepts like commodification. It aims to critique and change society rather than just explain it. The Frankfurt School coined the term "culture industry" to refer to standardized cultural goods mass produced to manipulate society.
FRANKFURT SCHOOL And Critical Theory The Frankfurt School
Also known as:
Institute of Social Research (Institut fr Sozialforschung) What is The Frankfurt School? It is a social and political philosophical movement of thought.
Located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
It is the original source of what is known
asCritical Theory.
The Institute was founded [] with the aim of
developing Marxist studies in Germany. (Internet Enciclopedia of Philosophy) Most prominent figures of the IST generation of Critical Theorists Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) Theodor Adorno(1903-1969) Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970) Leo Lowenthal (1900-1993) Eric Fromm (1900-1980). Critical Theory seeks "to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them. (Horkheimer 1982: 244) Interprets Marxist philosophy Reinterprets Marxist central economic and political notions such as: a. Commodification b. Reification c. Fetishization d. Critique of mass culture. (Internet Enciclopedia of Philosophy) What is Critical Theory? Critical theory is a social theory oriented toward critiquing and changingsocietyas a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it.(Wikipedia) A primary broad distinction that Horkheimer drew was that of the difference in method between social theories, scientific theories and critical social theories. (Internet Enciclopedia of Philosophy) While the first two categories have been treated as instances of traditional theories, the latter connoted the methodology the Frankfurt School adopted. Culture Industry The termculture industrywas coined by Theodor AdornoandMax Horkheimer
they proposed thatpopular cultureis akin
to a factory producing standardized cultural goods films,radioprogrammes,magazines, etc. that are used to manipulatemass societyinto passivity (Wikipedia) The aims of the culture industry areas in every industryeconomic in nature. All endeavors become focused on economic success.
Authentic culture, however, is not goal-oriented, but is
an end in itself.
Authentic culture fosters the capacity of human
imagination by presenting suggestions and possibilities, but in a different way than the culture industry does, since it leaves room for independent thought.
Authentic culture does not become channeled into
regurgitating reality, but goes levels beyond such.
Authentic culture is unique and cannot be forced into
any pre-formed schemas.(Wikipedia) Example of Authentic culture Un Chien Andalou
A silent surrealistshort film,produced by
the SpanishdirectorLuis Buuel& artistSalvador Dal.
Soundtrack of the movie: Richard Wagner's
"Liebestod" from his operaTristan und Isolde Example of `Industry` Culture
How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days
Romantic comedy from 2003
Full of stereotypes Pre-digested The Theory of Commodity Fetishism Adornos argument is that money the price of commodities or goods, including a ticket to a concert- defines and dominates social relations in capitalist societies. (Strinati 2004: 50)
According to Strinati, Adornos attempt to
use the idea of the culture industry to understand modern popular culture comes from Marxs ideas on commodities in general. (Strinati, 2004: 50) Standardized, commercial music: Bad Blood by Taylor Swift
High-culture, non-commercial music:
INUKSUIT by American composer, Pulitzer prize winner, John Luther Adams Bibliography http://www.iep.utm.edu/frankfur/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theo ry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_indu stry