Study of the proton-nucleus collisions at middle

energies using the Cascade model.

PHY565 Graduate Physics Laboratory

Prof. Dr. Mais Suleymanov

Department of Physics CIIT

Spring 2016
 Project (paper, thesis .)
Title: Study of the multiplicity distribution of the charged particles produced in
the proton-carbon collisions at 5.0 GeV/c using the Cascade model.
Abstract: Brief information on what could you do. ( In the Project we have studied the multiplicity
distribution of the charged particles produced in the proton-carbon collisions at 5.0 GeV/c using the
Cascade model.)

Introduction:
- Motivation (why it is interesting and necessary to study ?);
- Goal (Target what are you going to get new, interesting.? ).

Method: How are you going to reach the goal? To reach the goal of the project I am going to use the
Cascade model. 1000 events on the interaction of protons with 5 GeV/c will be simulated using the cod.
The multiplicity distribution of the charged particles produced in an event will be analyzed. To get the
multiplicity distribution of the particles Cascade.f program under Fortran will be used. The graphic of
the distribution will shown using the RooT soft.

Cascade cod: Brief information

Root soft: Brief information
Results: The Fig.1 shows the.
Conclusion: The multiplicity distribution of the charged particles produced in the proton-carbon
collisions at 5.0 GeV/c was studied using 1000 simulated event obtained using the Cascade model. It was
observed that Results:..

References:
Title of experiment: Study of the proton-nucleus collisions at middle
energies using the Cascade model.

Aims / Objectives:

Aim: Understand of the interactions of protons with nucleus at meddle

energies
Method: Use the code to simulate the proton-nuclei events.
Understand the output from the code.
Make plots of the multiplicity distribution of the charged particles using the
ROOT software.
Experimental procedure:
Introduction to proton nucleus collisions
Brief information about how the code works.
Using the code to simulate data.

Tools/Equipment: Windows based PC, Programming environment and ROOT

software

Analysis: Plot the distributions of multiplicity for charged particles

LectureJ2
p p
One can consider Proton-
Proton Collisions as a
sum of quark-gluon
interactions through
exchange the gluon at
q q
g short distance (less than
10-13cm = 1 fm).

At long distance ~ 1 fm
the interactions could be
considered as a pp
collisions through
exchange the pions
(Yukawa theory)
say that we know all information on pp, pn and nn col

p p

could we describe p (or neutron) Nuclear

actions ? There are a lot of possibilities.

plab

The simplest one is

Cascade
Evaporation Model.
The model use the
experimental 6
Cascade evaporation model is an important model that is used to explain the
common prospects of nucleus-nucleus collisions at relativistic energies. The
model is based on Monte-Carlo simulation, which is especially important in
multiple collisions. The basic suppositions and procedures of the model are
given in detail in refs. [K. K.Gudima, V. D. Toneev, (1983). Particle emission in light
and heavy ion reactions. Nucl. Phys. A 400, 173.;A. Boudard et. al. (2002). Intranuclear
cascade model for a comprehensive description of spallation reaction data. Phys. Rev. C
66 044615.]. Here we will only describe the model in brief. In cascade model
the system of colliding nuclei is considered as gas of nucleon bound in a
potential well. It is successfully used for nucleus-nucleus collisions with
multiple scattering and is based on Monte-Carlo simulation techniques.
Particles are produced when an interaction of projectile occur with a target
after momentum transfer. These particles further interact elastically or
inelastically with the nucleons coming in their path and produce new particles
provided the other conditions necessary for the production of new particles
are satisfied. The newly produced particles coming from the interaction of
secondary particles may produce further particles. The process of production
of new particles from the interaction of primary or secondary particles
continues until the moving particle is either absorbed in the target medium or
it leaves the target medium. A diffused distribution is assumed for the
potential and density of nucleus where correlation between nucleons in the
normal state is taken into account. The time evolution Monte-Carlo study of
two interacting nuclei, the inter dependence of target and cascade are
consummate through nucleons density correlations from intra nuclear
collisions. All conservation laws and invariance principles are obeyed
In nuclear collision the nucleons that are participants of the interaction are
calculated by the consideration given below .

(1)

bk and bi are the components of the impact parameter (b), the subscript i
and j are for the two interacting particles in the two coordinates. Rint is
used to designate the radius of the strong interaction, which is about
1.3fm and the reduced de-Boglie wavelength of the incident projectile is
given by D. The two colliding nucleon can pass through each other
without collision or will interact elastically or inelastically as is explained
above. The former is the case of complete transparency where the
particles pass each other without interaction. The corresponding

probabilities of the three cases are given below :
(2)

(4)

(3)
 where the first expression gives the total probability, the second and third give the elastic
and inelastic interactions probabilities respectively. In the rest frame of target nucleus, the time of
interaction is given by the following illustration

(5)

Where v is the speed of the projectile. The interaction of nucleons ascribed a Fermi motion
and the momentum of projectile is transferred to the target rest frame. The Fermi momentum
distribution assumes the following form.

(6)
W
ith

(7)
For nuclei with masses A and B 10, oscillator densities are used with RA = 1.07A1/3 fm and
c = 0.545 fm. The interaction is rejected if nucleon energy is lower than the Fermi energy.
This supposition is used until an interaction occurs. The time is increased by tij after the
interaction occurs with coordinates changed by zk zk vtij of the moving particle. The
coordinates of the projectile or target nucleons fix the coordinates of the newly produced
particles. In the same way all interactions that are possible are considered. All newly produced
particles can collide with nucleons coming along its path in a tube with nucleons of radiusRint D

The time of interaction is determined by where is the velocity of cascade particle

k with its radius vector . After scanning all interactions the one with minimum time is
considered. The process continues till the end of all interactions that are possible. The
multiplicity and charges of the nucleons outside the participant region along with charges of the
absorbed mesons at the end of fast cascade stage fix the nuclear residual mass number and
charge. The excitation energy of the target nucleus fixes the energies The excitation energy of the
target nucleus assumes to be linearly proportional to the emitted nucleon while ignoring the
absorption of the mesons and nucleons.

.
 Cascade Evaporation Model

Describe general features of collisions.

Based on Fermi gas model, colliding nuclei are treated as
gas of nucleon
It does not include collective effect.
er Cascade stage remaining excited nuclei are described by
atistical theory. M. I. Adamovich, et. al., Z. Phys. A 358
(1997) 337

11
Program package:

1.cascadeJJ.f is the main program

2.ubooknew.f is a part of program which
contains subroutines
3.input is a file which contains input data
for simulation
4.p5output.his is files which contains results
of simulation as a distribution
Input A+Target-collisions

P+Target-collisions
n+Target-collisions
2 Pi+ +Target-collisions
P5 an addition to output
Pi- +Target-collisions
1 IPROTY 0-A, 1 P, 2 N, 3 Pi+,
4 Pi-, 5 Pi0
1 NAP - mass of projectile
1 NZP - Z of projectile
12 NAT - mass of of target
6 NZT - Z of target
1 IFLSPV 0, 1 it fixes b (b=0
doesnt fixed)
0. Bmin - minimum values
of fixed b
6. Bmax - maximum values of
fixed b
1.0 Plab - momentum of
Projectile AGeV/c
1000 NEVE - number of simulated
events
 R1
b

R2

Maxb = R1+R2 - peripheral collisions

Minb = 0 - central collisions
Simple Fortran program:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Program
.
.
.

stop
end

Subroutine XYZ
.
.
.
return
end
" Multiplicity
######## Historgam 1 ###### 1
######## Historgam 1 ###### p5output.his
######## Multiplicity

######## (of)
x axis
######## particles

######## Multiplicity y axis

######## (of)
######## particles
.0000E+00 .5560E+03
.1000E+01 .2895E+04
.2000E+01 .3197E+04
.3000E+01 .1697E+04
.4000E+01 .9690E+03
.5000E+01 .4430E+03
.6000E+01 .1830E+03
.7000E+01 .4500E+02
.8000E+01 .1300E+02
.9000E+01 .2000E+01
.1000E+02 .0000E+00
..
..
Root for showing the distribution

Click Root;
Print on the command line : .x multiplj.C

Macros : multiplj.C
{
//
// Example showing how to superimpose a TGraph with a different range
// using a transparent pad.
//
gROOT->Reset();
gROOT->SetStyle("Video");

c1 = new TCanvas("c1","fig.2",10,10,700,500);

gStyle->SetLabelSize(0.035,"x");//size of labels
gStyle->SetLabelSize(0.035,"y");
gStyle->SetTitleSize(0.05,"x");//size of title
gStyle->SetTitleSize(0.05,"y");

TPad *pad = new TPad("pad","",0,0,1,1);

Min for x axis
// pad->SetLogx(1);
pad->SetLogy(1);
pad->SetFillColor(0); //color of pad Min for y axis
pad->Draw();
pad->cd();
Max for x axis
// draw a frame to define the range Max for y axis
TH1F *hr = c1->DrawFrame(-1.,0.1,11.,10000.);
hr->SetYTitle("Number of events");
hr->SetXTitle("number of particles");
pad->GetFrame()->SetFillColor(0); //color of histogram
// create graph for multiplicity Number of points in the histogram
X axis
Int_t n11 = 11; y axis
Double_t x11[] ={0.,1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,6.,7.,8.,9., 10}; Errors for X axis
Errors for y axis
Double_t y11[] ={556.,2895.,3197.,1697.,969.,443.,183.,45.,13.,2.};
Double_t ex11[] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.}; Error y=SQRT(y)
Double_t ey11[] ={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.}; Statistical error
gr11 = new TGraphErrors(n11,x11,y11,ex11,ey11);
gr11->SetMarkerColor(kBlack);
gr11->SetMarkerSize(0.95);
gr11->SetMarkerStyle(21);
Position of Legend
gr11->Draw("P");

legenda = new TLegend(0.4,0.25,0.8,0.4);

legenda ->SetFillColor(0);
legenda ->SetTextSize(0.035);
legenda ->AddEntry(gr11,"Simulation data","p");
legenda ->AddEntry(gr11,"pC-interction at 1.0 GeV/c","p");

legenda ->Draw();
c1->Print("multipj.jpg");
}