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Thermodynamics
An Engineering Approach
Fourth Edition

Yunus A. engel
Michael A. Boles
 CHAPTER
1

Basic Concepts
of Thermodynamics
General overview
Mechanical
Mechanical Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Engineering AApart
partof
ofthe
theEnergy
Engineering component
Energy
Mechanics componentof ofmechanical
mechanical
Mechanics engineering.
engineering.
Energy
Energy Governs
Governsall
allenergy
energy
Systems consuming
consumingandand
Systems
transforming
transformingdevices
devicesand
and
Design
Design system.
system.
The
The over
over arching
arching goal
goal isis
design
design of
of products
products to
to
meet
meet societal
societal needs.
needs.
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 3
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
The engineering framework
THEORY

DATA JUDGMENT
(DESIGN)
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 4
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 15
Some application areas of
thermodynamics .

Air vents

Diet

1-1
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 17
The definition of the force units.

Check for dimensional homogeneity!

1 lbm will have a gravitational force on it of 1 lbf on earth.

1-2
 Beginning ideas and
concepts...

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 7

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Macroscopic vs. microscopic
viewpoints...

A collection of atoms within a container, each with a unique velocity.

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 8

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Energy in a microscopic description

1 2
Energy of each atom = e m V
2
Number of atoms = N
N
N
ke1
2
Total Energy = eN mV
2 i 1
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 9
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
The macroscopic description
The energy in both cases
is the same, E. In the
macroscopic description,
atomistic concepts are
disregarded.
How we describe the
system chosen for study
requires careful selection of
properties that are based
on observable, measurable
quantities.
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 10
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 The macroscopic
viewpoint...

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 11

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 State of a Enumeration of
thermodynamic all of its
system. properties.

In macroscopic thermodynamics,
the properties of system are
assigned to the system as a whole.

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 12

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Properties in macroscopic thermodynamics
m
lim


0
Limit of the macroscopic
model and assumptions.
Density,

Molecular and atomic

effects are important

(m3)
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 13
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 How does the state of
system change?

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 14

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Energetic interactions
System Boundary

System

Energy
Surroundings Flow
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 15
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 Basic definitions...

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 16

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
System

Closed
System

Mass Flow

dm 0 Open
dt System

Mass Flow

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 17

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
System and surroundings
Universe = Systems +Surroundings

Surroundings

Closed System

System Boundary
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 18
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
System and surroundings
Surroundings Control Surface

Mass flow Open System

( Fixed space or
volume)

Open systems have mass flow across

their boundaries.
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 19
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 Interactions between
system and surroundings...

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 20

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Closed system

Surrounding
s
Heat

System
Work

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 21

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Open system

Surrounding
s
Mass Flow Heat

System
Power Mass
Flow

Usually look at rates.

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 22
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Example: Piston and cylinder - a closed system

m
Piston

Gas at pressure, p

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 23

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Example: The gas turbine engine - an open system

Fuel Flow In

Combustor

Air Flow In Shaft Work Output

Compressor Work Out

Exhaust Gases Out

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 24
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 117
A control volume may involve
fixed, moving, real, and
imaginary boundaries.

A control volume is an open system

1-5
Key concepts and terms
Closed System
Open System
System Boundary
Surroundings
Universe
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamic State
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 26
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
 Equilibrium states and
properties

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 27

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Properties
Properties:
Properties:
Temperature
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure
Volume
System
Volume
Internal
Internal energy
energy
Entropy
Entropy

The system can be either open or

closed. The concept of a property
still applies.

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 28

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Classes of properties
Extensive
Extensive Intensive
Intensive
MASS
MASS TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
VOLUME
VOLUME PRESSURE
PRESSURE
ENERGY
ENERGY DENSITY
DENSITY
Specific Properties
ADDITIVE
ADDITIVE OVER
OVER NOT
NOT ADDITIVE
ADDITIVE OVER
OVER
THE
THE SYSTEM
SYSTEM.. THE SYSTEM..
THE SYSTEM

Continuum approach is valid if system is large

compared to distance between molecules
Instructors Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 29
Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
State
At a given state, all the properties of the
system have fixed values.
If the value of one property changes, the
state changes.
If no properties are changing, then it is at
equilibrium

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 30

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium
states.
No driving forces
Mechanical equilibrium
No change in pressure with time
Thermal equilibrium
Temperature is same throughout system

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 31

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
Equilibrium
Phase equilibrium
No change in the amounts of different phases
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical composition does not change with
time.

Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 32

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics
State Postulate
The state of a simple compressible system
is completely specified by two
independent, intensive properties
Simple compressible system:
Absence of electrical, magnetic, gravitational,
motion and surface tension effects.
Independent if one property can be held
constant while another is varied
Instructors Visual Aids Chapter 1 Module 1 Slide 33
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Energy, Heat and Work
2002, F. A. Kulacki Introduction to Macroscopic Thermodynamics