LEARNING

ILO
Explain some
aspects of
human learning
 Nature of Learning

We all started
learning, and we
continue learning all
throughout our lives.
 The more we learn,
the less we know
and the more we
know, the less we
learn.
 Yesterday, we learn a little,
Today, we are learning
more,
And tomorrow we will be
learning more and more.
 What is LEARNING?

It is the gift of man, the

foundation of his
activities and the
primary evidence of his
rational nature (Bucu
and others, 1993).
 It is a relatively permanent
change, an immediate
behavior or mental process
that results from past
experience (Dizon and
others, 2003).
 It is a form of
adaptation, mode of
adjustment and a
change in behavior
(Sanches, 2002).
 Bugelski defined learning as
a process of acquiring
knowledge, skills, habits,
attitudes and ideas, retaining
and utilizing them in the
progressive adaptation and
modification of behavior.
 Learning
It is a relatively change in behavior
that results from experience
(Behaviorists)

Process by which organisms make

relatively permanent changes in the
way they represent the environment
because of experience (cognitive
theory)
 Concepts of LEARNING

1.Learning is a
complex process -
not a product of
acquiring knowledge,
abilities and skills
2. Learning
produces change in
behavior - a
progressive change
3. That the change
is relatively
permanent in the
individuals
behavior.
4. Learning is the result
of interaction of the
individual with the
environment (physical,
natural and social)
 Factors of Learning
1. Readiness or maturation- (Edward
Thorndike)
2. Intelligence- the higher the IQ, the
faster he/she learns
3. Opportunities to learning
4. Environmental ventilation, chairs,
lighting
5. Health sick/healthy
6. Attitude good attitude will have better
perspective than one who is poor
 PROCESSES OF LEARNING

We have defined learning as

a process, not as an
outcome or product.
1.Classical conditioning
2.Operant conditioning
3.Cognitive learning
 Types of Learning
TYPES OF LEARNING
1)Perceptual learning ability to
learn to
recognize stimuli that have been seen
before

Primary function is to identify and

categorize
objects and situations
Changes within the sensory systems of
the brain
2) Stimulus-response learning
ability to learn to perform a particular
behavior when a certain stimulus is
present
Establishment of connections
between sensory systems and motor
systems
 Classical conditioning association
between two stimuli Unconditioned
Stimulus (US), Unconditioned
Response (UR), Conditioned Stimulus
(CS), Conditioned Response (CR)
Hebb rule if a synapse repeatedly
becomes active at about the same time
that the postsynaptic neuron fires, changes
will take place in the structure or chemistry
of the synapse that will strengthen it.
 Instrumental conditioning
association between a response and
a stimulus; allows an organism to
adjust its behavior according to the
consequences of that behavior
Reinforcement positive and
negative
Punishment
 3) Motor learning establishment of
changes within the motor system
4) Relational learning involves
connections between different areas of
the association cortex
5) Spatial learning involves
learning about the relations among
many stimuli
6) Episodic learning remembering
sequences of events that we witness
 Theories of learning
1. Classical conditioning- simple
process
--Stimulus and response
-- Pavlov
--- dog
---Meat
---Bell
2. Operant Conditioning /Instrumental
learning
---Edward Thorndike
--bar/tredle
--the learner operates
--cat
--trial and error
B. F. Skinner-hungry rat on square box
---pellet
--rat accidentally steps on the bar
--food (acts as a reinforcement to the
pressing of the bar)
--food becomes intentional
 Four Principles of Operant
Conditioning
1. Reinforcement- any stimulus that will
maintain or increase the strength of
response
2. Shaping- conditions the natural
variations in the animals (dog)
3. Punishment-removal of an award
increase strength
4. Spontaneous-reinforcement is withdrawn
or terminated, responses decrease until
it returns to its predetermined frequency
 ASSIGNMENT

Describe the learning

process according to
instrumental
conditioning and
social learning.