Construction Session 3 DOZERS A dozer is a tractor unit that has a blade attached to the machines front. It is designed to provide tractive power for drawbar work. A dozer has no set volumetric capacity. The amount of material the dozer moves is dependent on the quantity that will remain in front of the blade during the push
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3 Crawler Dozer & Wheel Type Dozer
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4 Dozers may be used for operations such as : 1. Moving earth or rock for short haul (push) distances, up to 90 m 2. Spreading earth or rock fills 3. Backfilling trenches 4. Opening up pilot roads through mountains or rocky terrain 5. Clearing the floors or borrow and quarry pits 6. Helping load tractor-pulled scrapers 7. Clearing land of timber, stumps and root mat
6 Land Clearing Crawler dozers equipped with special clearing blades are excellent machines for land clearing. Clearing of vegetation and trees is usually necessary before undertaking earthmoving operations. Ripping Rock Crawler tractors can be fitted with rear-mounted rippers specifically designed by the manufacturer to match tarctor characteristics. Rippers penetrate the earth and is pulled by the crawler tractors to loosen and split hard ground, weak rock or old pavements and bases.
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7 SCRAPERS Scrapers are designed to load, haul and dump loose material in controlled lifts Scrapers are best suited for haul distances greater than 500 ft but less than 3000 ft, although with very large units, the maximum distance can approach a mile
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8 SCRAPERS The production cycle of a scrapers consists of six operations : Loading Haul travel Dumping and spreading Turning Return travel Turning and positioning to pick up another load Bina Nusantara University 9 Scraper Types 1.Pusher Loaded (conventional) - Single powered axle - Tandem powered axle 2.Self loading - Push pull, tandem-powered axle - Elevating - Auger Bina Nusantara University 10 Push Loaded (conventional) Many models can achieve speeds up to 30 mph when fully loaded. This extends the economic haul distance of the units Push loaded scrapers are at a disadvantage when it comes to individually providing the high tractive effort required for economical loading. For the single powered axle scraper only a portion, on the order of 50 55% of the total loaded weight, bears on the drive wheels. Single engine scrapers become uneconomical when : Haul grades > 5% and Return grades > 12% Bina Nusantara University 11 Tandem powered (twin engine) Tandem powered (twin engine) scrapers are good for job having adverse grades and poor footing Owning and operating cost are about 25 % higher
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12 Elevating Scrapers Elevating scrapers are good for short hauls and in favorable material Can work alone in the cut Cost more initially & to operate Elevator adds weight & takes power
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13 Push Pull Scrapers Push pull scarpers can work as a team or can operate individually with a pusher Tire wear will increase in rock or abrasive materials because of more slippage from the four- wheel drive action
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14 Auger Scrapers Auger scrapers can self-load in difficult conditions, laminated rock or granular materials The auger adds weight to the scraper during travel and it is more costly to own an operate than a conventional scraper
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15 EXCAVATORS Hydraulic excavators are designed to excavate below the ground surface on which the machine rests. These machines have good mobility and are excellent for general- purpose work, such as excavating trenches and pits. Because of the hydraulic action of their stick and bucket cylinders, they exert positive forces crowding the bucket into the material to be excavated. The major components of the hydraulic hoe are the boom, the stick (arm), and the bucket.
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16 Excavation Techniques The hoe is normally associated with two types of excavations, trenching (linear-type) and basement (area-type). The operator should judge the length and depth of cut to produce a full bucket with every pass
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17 Paralel & Perpendicular Trenches Parallel Trenches With the parallel method, center the hoe on the trench, while keeping the tractor in line with the trench center line. As the digging progresses, move the machine away from the excavation and load the material into haul units or stockpile it along the side of the trench for later use as backfill. Perpendicular Trenches When using the perpendicular method, dig the trenches in two or more cuts or lifts. To excavate the top 35 to 45 percent of the trench depth, make the first cut with the boom carried high. To finish the cut and remove the remainder of the material, move forward about one-half the length of the machine with the boom carried low. Although this method involves more and shorter moves, it has better bucket digging angles and shorter hoisting distance on the top lifts. Bina Nusantara University 18 Bina Nusantara University 19 Truck and Hauling Equipment Trucks are hauling units that provide relatively low hauling costs because of their speeds. The weight capacity of a truck may limit the volume of the load that a unit can haul. The productive capacity of a truck depends on the size of its load and the number of trips it can make in an hour Truck cycle time has four components : load time, haul time, dump time and return time
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20 Bina Nusantara University 21 Truck Production
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22 Truck Capacity Gravimetric the load it will carry, expressed as a weight Struck volume the volumetric amount it will carry, if the load is water level in the body (bowl or dump box) Heaped volume the volumetric amount it will carry, if the load is heaped on a 2 : 1 slope above the bodt
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23 Tires Tires are about 35% of a trucks operating cost Overloading a truck abuses the tires
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24 Truck Size Affects Productivity Small Truck Advantages Disadvantages Maneuvering Number Speed More drivers Production Loading impediment Balance of fleet Positioning time Large Truck Advantages Disadvantages Number Cost of truck time at loading Driver required Loads heavier Loading advantage Balance of fleet Positioning time Bina Nusantara University Size 25