GD&T

Geometric Dimensioning &

Tolerance
APPLICATION & INTERPRETATION
 Objectives
Overview to GD&T
Tolerances and why do we need them.
Different types of tolerances.
To learn how effectively used tolerance for parts in engineering
drawings.
Allowance/Clearance
Describe and correctly apply Datum's.
Types of Welds , welding symbols & applications.
Surface Finishing values , table & applications.
Dimension techniques & Dimensions styles.
 What is GD&T?
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing is an international
language used on drawings to accurately describe a part. The
language consists of a well-defined set of symbols, rules,
definitions, and conventions that can be used to describe the size,
form, orientation, and location tolerances of part features.
 Why GD&T is important?
Are Parts Made exactly to the drawings?
No manufacturing process can produce parts with exact dimensions
Allowable variations or tolerances must be specified by the
designer, with two objectives:
ensure fit and function

minimize manufacturing cost

GD&T allow drawing to be more accurately dimensioned, with

Closer tolerances.
Globalization & Interchangeability
 How are Tolerances
Specified ?
Size
Limits specifying the allowed variation in each
dimension (length, width, height, diameter, etc.) are
given on the drawing.
Geometry
Geometric Tolerancing
Allows for specification of tolerance for the geometry
of a part separate from its size
GDT (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) uses
special symbols to control different geometric
features of a part
 Functions of
Dimensioning
Conveys communication to the
drawing
Provides clarity
Describes necessary processes
Describes the scale, size, and
location of features on an object
Must comply to standards
Tolerances specified for size
Limit Tolerances
Plus/Minus Tolerances
Feature Control Frame
 Datum
Datums are considered to be theoretically perfect
surfaces, planes, points or axes to which
additional material conditions are referenced.
 Material Conditions

Parallelism - is the
condition of a
surface, line, or axis,
which is equidistant
at all points from a
datum plane or axis.
 Material Conditions (contd.)

Perpendicularity - is the
condition of a surface,
axis, or line, which is 90
deg. From a datum plane
or a datum axis.
 Material Conditions (contd.)

Angularity - is the
condition of a surface,
axis, or center plane,
which is at a specified
angle from a datum
plane or axis.
Material Conditions (contd.)

Concentricity -
describes a
condition in
which two or
more features,
in any
combination,
have a common
axis
Material Conditions (contd.)

Straightness - a condition where an element of a surface or an
axis is a straight line. 2D

Flatness - is the condition of a surface having all elements in

one plane. 3D

Roundness - describes the condition on a surface of revolution

(cylinder, cone, sphere) where all points of the surface
intersected by any plane. 2D

Cylindricity - describes a condition of a surface of revolution in

which all points of a surface are equidistant from a common
axis. 3D

Profile of a Line - is the condition permitting a uniform amount

of profile variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally, along a
line element of a feature.2D

Profile of a Surface - is the condition permitting a uniform
amount of profile variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally,
on a surface.3D
Material Conditions (contd.)
All Around Symbol - indicating that a tolerance applies to surfaces all around
the part.

Position Tolerance (True Position)- defines a zone within which the axis or
center plane of a feature is permitted to vary from true (theoretically exact)
position.

Symmetry - is a condition in which a feature (or features) is symmetrically

disposed about the center plane of a datum feature.

Runout - is the composite deviation from the desired form of a part surface of
revolution through on full rotation (360 deg) of the part on a datum axis.

Total Runout - is the simultaneous composite control of all elements of a

surface at all circular and profile measuring positions as the part is rotated
through 360.

Datum Target - is a specified point, line, or area on a part that is used to

establish the Datum Reference Plane for manufacturing and inspection
operations.

Target Point -indicates where the datum target point is dimensionally located
on the direct view of the surface.

Target Area -indicates where the datum target area is dimensionally located
on the direct view of the surface.
Material Conditions (contd.)
Maximum Material Condition (MMC) - is that condition of a part feature
wherein it contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits
of size. That is: minimum hole size and maximum shaft size. (Condition
where part weighs the most)

Least Material Condition (LMC) - implies that condition of a part feature of

size wherein it contains the least (minimum) amount of material, examples,
largest hole size and smallest shaft size. It is opposite to maximum material
condition.

Basic Dimension - used to describe the exact size, profile, orientation or

location of a feature. A basic dimension is always associated with a feature
control frame or datum target.

Reference Dimension - a dimension usually without tolerance, used for

information purposes only. It does not govern production or inspection
operations.

Feature Control Frame - is a rectangular box containing the geometric

characteristics symbol, and
the form, run out or location tolerance. If necessary, datum references and
modifiers applicable to the feature or the datums are also contained in the
box.
GD&T Symbols
 Control Types
Form Controls
Orientation Controls
Location Controls
 Form Controls
Straightness
Flatness
Circularity
Cylindricity
Form Controls
 Orientation Controls
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Profile
Orientation Controls
Angularity
Profile
 Location Controls
Position
Concentricity
Runout
 Position
The Position Tolerance sets a round
Tolerance Zone
Use Basic Dimensions that have Zero
Tolerance
Symbolized by drawing a Rectangle
around Dim
 Position

2.00
2.00
.02
.75
Runout
 Allowance and Clearance
ALLOWANCE
Allowance is defined as an intentional
difference between the maximum
material limits of mating parts.
Allowance is the minimum clearance
(positive allowance), or maximum
interference (negative allowance)
between mating parts.
The calculation formula for allowance is:
ALLOWANCE = MMC HOLE MMC SHAFT
 CLEARANCE
Clearance is defined as the loosest
fit or maximum intended difference
between mating parts.
The calculation formula for
clearance is:
CLEARANCE = LMC HOLE LMC
SHAFT.
 Types of Fit
Clearance fit
The parts are toleranced such that the largest
shaft is smaller than the smallest hole
The allowance is positive and greater than zero
Interference fit

The max. clearance is always negative

The parts must always be forced together
Transition fit

The parts are toleranced such that the

allowance is
negative and the max. clearance is positive
The parts may be loose or forced together
 Clearance fit

Loose running
lots of play, where accuracy is not
important
Free running
less play, good for moving parts
Close running
close fit for moving parts, high
accuracy required
 Interference fit

Used to accurately locate parts

during assembly
Tradeoff between ease of
assembly/disassembly and
accuracy of location
Example: locating dowels or pins
 Transition fit

Used for force or press fits

Results in permanent assembly
without need for fasteners or
other joining operations
High locational accuracy
 Deviations

The difference between the basic

size and the maximum and
minimum sizes are called the
UPPER & LOWER deviations.
The BASIC DIMENSION represents
the theoretical exact size or
location of a feature.
DEVIATIONS
 Types of Welds

Numerous welds can be applied to

the various types of joints
Considerations when choosing joint
geometry and weld types:
accessibility to the joint for welding
type of welding process being used
suitability to the structural design
cost of welding
Elementary welding
symbols
Elementary welding
symbols
Combination of elementary symbols
Combination of elementary symbols
Combination of elementary symbols
 Generalized Welding Symbol

FAR SIDE DETAILS

Field weld
Weld Geometry symbol
D L1-L2
Electrode Weld all-around
Material L1-L2 for pipes, etc.
D

ARROW SIDE DETAILS D = Weld Depth (usually equal to plate

thickness)
L1 = Weld Length
L2 = Distance between centers for
stitched welds

The Field Weld Symbol is a guide for installation. Shipyards

normally do not use it, except in modular construction.
 Surface Finish
An engineering component may be
cast, forged, drawn, welded or
stamped, etc.
All the surfaces may not have
functional requirements and need
not be equally finished
Some surfaces (owing to their
functional requirements) need
additional machining that needs to
be recorded on the drawing
INDICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE
The basic symbol consists of two legs of
unequal length inclined at approximately
60 to the line representing the considered
surface
The symbol must be represented by thin line

If the removal of material by machining is

required, a bar is added to the basic symbol,

If the removal of material is not permitted,

a circle is added to the basic symbol.

When special surface characteristics have to

be indicated, a line is added to the longer arm of
any of the above symbols,

Basic symbol : only be used alone when its meaning is

explained by a note
 Indication of Surface Roughness

The value or values defining the principal criterion of roughness

are added to the symbols

a- surface roughness value

Roughness a obtained Roughness a Roughness a shall be

by any production obtained by removal obtained without
process of material by removal of any
machining material

If it is necessary to impose maximum

and minimum limits of the principal criterion
of surface roughness, both values shall be
shown

maximum limit (a1) ;minimum limit (a2).

Surface Roughness Table
 Aligned Dimensioning
Aligned Dimensioning most often
used in today in architectural drawings

Dimension
s are
rotated on
the
vertical
plane
Unidirectional Dimensioning
Unidirectional often used in
engineering drawings

Dimensions are
not rotated on
the vertical
plan.
Dimensioning Symbols
Dimension Location

Dimensions
should be
located between
views whenever
possible.
Dimensioning Styles

Chain dimensioning
and auxiliary
dimensioning

Parallel dimensioning

Running dimensioning
Dimensioning Styles

Staggered dimensions

Angular dimensions

Tapers