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Heat
exchangers are
used in AC and
furnaces
The closed-type exchanger is the most popular one.
One example of this type is the Double pipe exchanger.
In this type, the hot and cold fluid streams do not come
into direct contact with each other. They are separated by
a tube wall or flat plate.
Principle of Heat Exchanger
First Law of Thermodynamic: Energy is conserved.
0 0 0 0
dE
dt
in
.hin m
m
out
.hout q
ws e
generated
Qh A.m h .C ph .Th
m .h m .h
Qc A.m c .C pc .Tc in out
Qh
HOT
Thermal Boundary Layer
Cross Section Area
THERMAL
BOUNDARY LAYER Region III: Solid
Energy moves from hot fluid Cold Liquid
to a surface by convection, Convection
through the wall by
conduction, and then by NEWTONS LAW OF
convection from the surface to CCOLING
the cold fluid. dqx hc .Tow Tc .dA
Th Ti,wall
To,wall
Tc
V u2rdr
r 0
V=volumetricflowrate
u=averagemeanvelocity
In turbulent flow, there is no such distribution.
r
Accordingly the temperature gradient is larger at the wall
and through the viscous sub-layer, and small in the
turbulent core.
Tubewall
qx hA(Tw T)
Twh
h
k
cold fluid Twc
cooling qx A(Tw T)
Tc
The reason for this is
1) Heat must transfer through the boundary layer by
conduction.
2) Most of the fluid have a low thermal conductivity (k)
3) While in the turbulent core there are a rapid moving
eddies, which they are equalizing the temperature.
U = The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m.K]
Calculating U using Log Mean Temperature
dqh m h .C ph .dTh d (T ) dTh dTc
Hot Stream : dqh dqc
T Th Tc d (T )
m .C h m .C c
Cold Stream: dqc m c .C .dTcc
p
h p c p
T2 d (T ) Th Tc A2
T1 T
U .
qh
. dA
qc A1
T2 d (T ) 1 1 A
U . . 2 dA
T1 T m .C h m .C c A1
h p c p
T2
ln
U . A.
Th Tc U . A Thin Thout Tcin Tcout
T1 q q
T2 T1
q U .A
T2
ln
Log Mean Temperature T1
Log Mean Temperature evaluation
T2 T1 m h .C ph . T3 T6 m c .C pc . T7 T10
TLn U
ln
T2
A.TLn A.TLn
T1
COUNTER CURRENT FLOW
1 CON CURRENT FLOW 2 1 2
T3 T4 T6
T6
T1 T1
T2
Wall
T7 T2
T8
T9
A T10
A A
T10
T1 T2
T4 T5 T10
T2
T3 T6 T1 T4 T5
T3 T6
T8 T9
T7
ParallelFlow
T8 T9
T1 T T T3 T7
T7
in in
h c CounterCurrentFlow
T1 T Tcout T3 T7
h
in
T3 T4 T6
(T T ) (T6 T2 ) T6
Tlm 3 1 T1
(T T ) Wall
ln 3 1
(T6 T2 ) T2
T7 T8
T9
T10
A
q hc Ao Tlm
(T1 T7 ) (T2 T10 )
Tlm
(T1 T7 )
ln
(T2 T10 )
DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS TO CHARACTERIZE A HEAT EXCHANGER
Nu f (Re,Pr, L / D, b / o )
h.D v.D.
C p .
k k
h
k
q A(Tw T )
Empirical Correlation
For laminar flow
Nu = 1.62 (Re*Pr*L/D)
For turbulent flow
0.14
b
Nu Ln 0.026. Re . Pr
0.8 1/ 3
.
o
Hot Flow
Cold Flow Rotameters
rotameter
Heat Temperature
Controller Controller
Experimental trend
y = 0.0175x 4.049
Experimental trend
y = 0.7966x 3.5415
Theoretical trend
y = 0.3317x + 4.2533
Experimental Nu = 0.0175Re0.7966Pr0.4622
Theoretical Nu = 0.026Re0.8Pr0.33
Experimental trend
y = 0.4622x 3.8097
Effect of core tube velocity on the local and
over all Heat Transfer coefficients
35000
-
Heat Transfer Coefficient Wm K
-2
30000
25000
20000 hi (W/m2K)
ho (W/m2K)
U (W/m2K)
15000
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4
-1
Velocity in the core tube (ms )