PRESSURE VESSELS DESIGN,

FABRICATION AND
CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING
TO ASME VIII DIV. 1
 Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials

3- Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels

Fabricated by Welding
4- Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels
Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
5- Mandatory Appendices
6- Non Mandatory Appendices
 Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials

3- Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels

Fabricated by Welding
4- Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels
Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
5- Mandatory Appendices
6- Non Mandatory Appendices
Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1

Purpose
Introduction of the governing codes requirements
and basic considerations and concepts of pressure
vessel design, fabrication, and inspection.

Pressure Vessel
Pressure Vessel - A container in which an
occurrence takes place at a different pressure
than atmospheric
Pressure Vessels Terminology
Horizontal Vessels Vertical Vessels

Saddles Skirt Legs Lugs

 11 of
33

wear plate
Saddle Support Details
Width of saddle perpendicular to longitudinal axis E
Width of saddle at bottom along longitudinal axis F

horn
Width of saddle at top along longitudinal axis Wb
Distance from outside of base plate to first rib d1
Thickness of base plate tb
Width of Wear plate Wp
base plate Wear plate extension above horn Lh
Thickness of wear plate tw
Distance from outside of base plate to first Rib d2
Side plate Center to Center bolt spacing in transverse Lb
direction
Web Thickness of Web tweb
Thickness of Ribs J
Included Angle
Friction Cofficient Mu
No of Ribs Nr
Cartridge
Pressure Vessels Terminology
 ASME CODE SECTIONS
I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers
II Materials
Part A Ferrous Material Specifications
Part B Nonferrous Material Specifications
Part C Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
Part D Properties (Customary)
Part D Properties (Metric)
III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components
IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers
V Nondestructive Examination
VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
Division 1
Division 2 Alternative Rules
Division 3 Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels
IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks
ASME SEC VIII DIV.1 Parts
Subsection A (Part UG)
Covering the general requirements
Subsection B
Covers specific requirements to the method used of
fabrication
(UW welded - UF forged - UB brazed)
Subsection C
Covers specific requirements to materials
UCS carbon and low alloy steels
UNF nonferrous metals
UHA high alloy steels
UCI cast iron
UCL clad and lined material
UCD cast ductile iron
UHT ferritic steels
ULW layered construction
ULT low temperature materials
Mandatory Appendices
Non-mandatory Appendices guidance
Vessels excluded from Section VIII, Div. 1
scope
Those within the scope of other Sections
Fired process tubular heaters
Integral parts of rotating equipment
Piping systems and piping components
Vessels containing water, up to certain pressure and
temperature
Hot water supply storage tanks
Vessels with internal/external pressure < 15 psi
Vessels with I.D <= 6 in.
Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy
Design pressures exceeding 3000 psi (20 MPa).
 ASME Section VIII, Division 2
Used for high pressure refinery equipment
Uses factor of safety of 3 against tensile failure
Results in thinner vessels (compared to Division 1)
Requires additional design analysis (e.g., local and
thermal stress, fatigue) and quality control (e.g., full
X-ray, stringent material requirements)
 VESSEL BOUNDARY
First circumferential joint
First threaded joint
The face of first flange
First sealing surface
 RESPONSIBILITIES
User (client)
corrosion allowance
Service definition
Need for PWHT, beyond Code
Components to be included with the vessel
Any other requirements related to the service
Manufacturer
Meeting al1 Code requirements
Work of subcontractors
Proper certification
Authorized Inspector
Inspections specified by the Code
Monitor the quality control and NDE
Verify that calculations and drawings
Authorize the application of Code symbol
Sign the Data report
STANDARDS REFERENCED BY THIS DIVISION
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES
 Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials

3- Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels

Fabricated by Welding
4- Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels
Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
5- Mandatory Appendices
6- Non Mandatory Appendices
 DESIGN
Minimum Thickness of Pressure Components
exclusive of any corrosion allowance
1.5 mm for pressure vessel
6 mm for unfired steam boilers
2.5 mm compressed air service, steam service, and
water service
Plate Mill Under-tolerance
smaller of 0.25 mm or 6% of thickness

Pipe Under-tolerance
manufacturing under-tolerance (12.5%)
 DESIGN (continued)
DESIGN TEMPERATURE
Maximum Operating
Minimum (MDMT)
Design temperatures
Normal Operating Design
Temperature, F Temperature, F
Less than 200 250
More than 200 Operating Temperature +
50
* 150 oF when caustic is present and the operating
temperature is 100 oF, or less
 DESIGN (continued)
Design Pressure
Maximum operating pressure plus a safety margin

Maximum Operating Design Pressure, psig

Pressure, psig
Less than 25 50
25 to 250 Operating P + 25
250 to 1000 (Operating P) * (1.1)
More than 1000 (Operating P) * (1.05) (*)
(*) Applicable only if pilot operated relief valves are used,
otherwise use a 10 percent margin
 DESIGN (continued)
The loadings: (see UG-22)
Internal or external pressure
Weight of the vessel and contents
Reactions from the weight of attached equipment
Reactions from internals and supports
Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or
thermal variations
Wind or seismic loadings
Impact reactions
Temperature gradients
Test Pressure
Other loadings, if applicable, must be specified by
user
 THICKNESS OF SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL
PRESSURE
Terminology
Stress Types
Membrane Stress
An essentially uniform stress averaged across the
thickness of the cross-section
Bending Stress
Stress level varies through the thickness of the
cross-section
Stress Direction
Circumferential
Longitudinal
Cylindrical Vessel
Spherical Vessel or Head
ts/Ri 0.002.
 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

(a) Category A. Longitudinal and spiral welded joints

(b) Category B. Circumferential welded joints
(c) Category C. Welded joints connecting flanges,
(d) Category D. Welded joints connecting communicating
chambers2 or nozzles to main shells,
 Example

In The Corroded Condition:

Shell Thickness Nominal = 0.688 0.125 = 0.563
Thickness Minimum (Seamless)
= 0.688x 0.875 0.125 = 0.477
Inside Radius = 12 0.563 = 11.437
Hemi Head Thickness = 0.375 0.125 = 0.25
Inside Radius = 12 0.25 = 11.75
Ellipsoidal Head Thickness
= 0.625 0.125 = 0.500
Inside Diameter = 24 2(0.5) = 23.0
Sump thickness nominal = 0.500 0.125 = 0.375
Thickness minimum = 0.500 x0.875 0.125 = 0.313
Inside radius = 6.375 0.375 = 6.0
Torispherical head thickness = 0.563 0.125 = 0.438
Dish radius = 12.0 + 0.125 = 12.125
Corner radius = 1.5 + 0.125 = 1.625
This vessel for lethal service with full radiography for all joints including sump to head:
Shell, Circumferential Stress,

Shell, Longitudinal Stress,

 Ellipsoidal Head,

Hemispherical Head,

Sump Circumferential Stress,

Sump (Seamless Pipe) Longitudinal Stress,

Sump Torispherical Head, Seamless

THICKNESS OF SHELLS AND TUBES UNDER
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
When Vacuum Design is Specified
VARIABLES FOR DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL VESSELS
SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE
LINES OF SUPPORT FOR DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL VESSELS
SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE
Cylindrical Shells and Tubes
Cylinders having Do /t values 10

For L/Do greater than 50, assume L/Do = 50

For L/Do less than 0.05, assume L/Do = 0.05
 In cases where the value of
A falls to the right use the
last (maximum) tabulated
value
For values of A falling to the
left of the material
/temperature line, see Step 4
 Cylinders having Do /t values < 10
Step 1
Obtain B same as previous,
For values of Do/t less than 4 calculate A
For values of A greater than 0.10, use a value of 0.10

Step 2

Step 3

Pa = smaller of Pa1 and Pa2

If Pa is smaller than P, select a larger value for t and
repeat the design procedure
The total length of weld on each side of the stiffening ring shall
be:
not less than one-half the outside circumference of the
vessel for rings on the outside; and
not less than one-third the circumference of the vessel for
rings on the inside.

Minimum Size of Attachment Welds (smallest of the following):

14 in. (6 mm);
vessel thickness at the weld location;
stiffener thickness at weld location.
STIFFENING RINGS FOR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER
EXTERNAL PRESSURE

Is = required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring cross section about its
neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell
Is = required moment of inertia of the combined ring-shell cross section about
its neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell
I = available moment of inertia of the stiffening ring cross section about its
neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell
I' = available moment of inertia of combined ring-shell cross section about its
neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell. The nominal shell thickness
OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENTS
Shape of Opening
Circular
Elliptical
Obround

Size of Openings
I.D but not exceed 500 mm for I.D <= 1500 mm
1/3 I.D but not exceed 1000 mm for I.D > 1500 mm
OPENINGS REINFORCEMENT
STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT
NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS
The minimum wall thickness of nozzle necks shall be the larger of (a) or (b) below:
UG-45(a) The minimum wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection
(including access openings and openings for inspection) shall not be less than the
thickness computed from the applicable loadings in UG-22 plus the thickness added
for allowances for corrosion and threading, as applicable.
UG-45(b) Additionally, the minimum thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection
(except for access openings and openings for inspection only) shall not be less than
the smaller of the nozzle wall thickness as determined by the applicable rule in (b)
(1), (b)(2) or (b)(3) below, and the wall thickness as determined by (b)(4) below:
UG-45(b)(1) for vessels under internal pressure only, the thickness (plus
corrosion allowance)
UG-45(b)(2) for vessels under external pressure only, the thickness (plus
corrosion allowance)
UG-45(b)(3) for vessels designed for both internal and external pressure, the
greater of the thicknesses determined by (b)(1) or (b)(2) above.
UG-45(b)(4) the minimum thickness of standard wall pipe plus the thickness
added for corrosion allowance on the connection;
NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS
EXAMPLE OF OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENTS

Nozzle I.D 1134 in

Nozzle Wall 12 in
Nozzle Allowable stress of 16,600 psi
Vessel I.D 60 in
shell thickness 34 in
reinforcing element thickness 38 in
shell allowable stress of 14,300 psi
reinforcing allowable stress of 13,200 psi
Minimum Nozzle Wall Thickness by UG-45
UG-45(a) requires minimum nozzle wall thickness is trn = 0.089 in. This
thickness is compared 0.875 x 0.500 = 0.438 in. the rule is met.

1. Therefore, the minimum nozzle wall thickness required by UG-45(b) is

the smaller of (b)(1) or (b)(4), or 0.328 in.
a. UG-45(b) (1) requires minimum nozzle wall thickness tr p 0.530 in.
and UG-16(b) minimum is 116 in. Therefore, the 0.530 in.
thickness governs
b. UG-45(b)(2) external pressure only is not applicable
c. UG-45(b) (3) both external and internal pressure only is not
applicable
d. UG-45(b) (4) standard wall thickness is 0.375 in, the minimum wall
thickness is 0.375 (1.0 0.125) = 0.328 in.
The minimum nozzle wall thickness required by UG-45 is the larger of UG-
45(a) (0.089 in.) or UG-45(b) (0.328 in.). The 0.328 in. the provided
thickness is 0.875 X 0.500 = 0.438 in. The thickness provided is OKAY
(b) Strength calculations for nozzle attachment welds for pressure loading are
not required for the following:
(1) Figure UW-16.1 sketches (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f-1), (f-2), (f-3), (f-4), (g),
(x-1), (y-1)
(2) openings those are exempt from the reinforcement requirements
(3) openings designed in accordance with the rules for ligaments.
REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE
OPENINGS
 See 1-7 a and c

For adjacent openings, assume opening enclosing

all such openings and apply all previous rules
STANDARD HYDROSTATIC TEST
The maximum allowable external working pressure is required only when
specified as a design condition
Example for Name Plate
 Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials

3- Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels

Fabricated by Welding
4- Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels
Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
5- Mandatory Appendices
6- Non Mandatory Appendices
Welding Grooves dimensions and shape to suitable to permit
complete fusion and penetration
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS
Permissible Types.
Tapered Transitions.
A tapered transition having a length not less than three times the
offset between the adjacent surfaces
Tapered Transitions shall be provided at joints between sections that
differ in thickness by more than one-fourth of the thickness of the
thinner section, or by more than 3 mm
Longitudinal and circumferential weld joints

The longitudinal joints are radiographed 100 mm each side of each

circumferential welded intersection
The centers of the welded longitudinal joints of adjacent courses
staggered or separated by a distance of at least five times the
thickness of the thicker plate
For lapped joints, the surface overlap shall be not less than four
times the thickness of the inner plate
 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC
EXAMINATION
(a) Full Radiography for The following welded joints
Vessels used to contain lethal substances
Nominal thickness exceeds 38 mm
Unfired steam boilers having design pressures exceeding
50 psi
welds in nozzles attached to vessel is required to be fully
radio graphed
ultrasonic examination may be substituted for
radiography
 all Category A and D butt welds in vessel sections and
heads where the design of the joint or part is based on a
joint efficiency
all butt welds joined by electro-gas welding with any single
pass greater than 38 mm
Spot Radiography
Butt welded joints made in accordance with Type No. (1)
or (2) of Table UW-12 which are not required to be fully
radio graphed may be examined by spot radiography.

No Radiography
welded joints when the vessel or vessel part is designed for
external pressure only, or when the joint design complies
with joint efficiency in table UW-12.
JOINT EFFICIENCIES
ATTACHMENT DETAILS
For ts2<= 13 mm
 TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET WELDS
Full Strength Weld - Partial Strength Weld - Seal Weld
Full Strength Weld.
A full strength tube to tube-sheet weld is one in which the design
strength is equal to or greater than the axial tube strength,

Partial Strength Weld.

A partial strength weld is one in which the design strength is
based on the mechanical and thermal axial tube loads that are
determined from the actual design conditions

Seal Weld.
A tube to tube-sheet seal weld is one used to supplement an
expanded tube joint to ensure leak tightness
Full Strength Weld
The maximum allowable axial load as follows:
Pressure:
Lmax = Ft
Pressure plus thermally:
Where throat < tube thickness t;
Lmax = Ft
for all other welded

Lmax = 2Ft

Where:
Lmax = maximum allowable axial load
Ft = axial tube strength
Partial Strength Weld
The maximum allowable axial load as follows:
Pressure:
Lmax = Ff + Fg, but not greater than Ft
Pressure plus thermally:
Where throat < tube thickness t;
Lmax = Ff + Fg but not greater than Ft

for all other welded

Lmax = 2(Ff + Fg), but not greater than 2Ft

Where:
Lmax = maximum allowable axial load
Ft = axial tube strength
= Pi*t (do t) Sa
Weld Size Design Formulas
ALIGNMENT TOLERANCE
The Weld Reinforcement
 The operation of post-weld heat treatment
1. heating the vessel as a whole in an enclosed furnace
2. heating the vessel in more than one heat in a furnace
(with overlap 1.5 m)
3. heating of shell sections and the circumferential joints
post-weld heat treated locally
4. heating the vessel internally but the internal pressure
shall not exceed 50%
5. heating the circumferential using a soak band that
extends around the entire circumference.
6. heating a local around nozzles or attachments in the
larger radius sections
7. heating of other configurations
 Welding Joints
Butt Joint

Tee Joint

Lap Joint

Corner Joint

Edge Joint
 Butt Joint

Butt joint- a joint

between two
members aligned
approximately in
the same plane
Different Edge Shapes and Symbols
for some Butt-Joints
TERMINOLOGY
 WELDING DRAWINGS
SINGLE DOUBLE

SQUARE

SINGLE DOUBLE

BEVEL
GROOVE
 SINGLE DOUBLE

V-GROOVE

SINGLE DOUBLE

J-GROOVE
 SINGLE DOUBLE

U-
GROOVE

SINGLE DOUBLE

FLARE-
BEVEL
GROOVE
 SINGLE DOUBLE

FLARE-V
GROOVE
 T-Joint

T- joint - a joint between

two members located
approximately at right
angles to each other in
the form of a T
Some Different Edge Shapes and Symbols for
T-Joint
 FILLET
WELD
SINGLE DOUBLE
FILLET WELD
Corner Joint

Corner joint - a joint

between two members
located at right angles
to each other
Some Different Edge Shapes and Symbols
for Corner Joints
Lap Joint

Lap Joint- a joint

between two
overlapping
members
Some Different Edge Shapes and Symbols
for Lap Joints
 Edge Joint

Edge joint- a joint

between the edges of
two or more parallel
or nearly parallel
members
Some Different Edge Shapes and Symbols for
Edge Joints
Welding Symbols
WELDING SYMBOLS (ACC. TO AWS A2.4)
WELDING SYMBOLS
Intermittent Weld
APPLICATION OF BACK AND BACKING WELD SYMBOLS
Application of Melt Through Symbol
Radiation absorption
Radiation Penetration
Slag inclusions in a weld detected by radiography
 Effect of film Distance

Example (a) Example (b)

 Radiation Orientation

(a) (b)
 Plate positioning

Keeping in mind the figures on Radiation Orientation (a) and (b) we can
determine that position A is preferable. In fact, at position B it is conceivable
the lack of fusion might not be detected at all.
Radiography of welded pipes
UNDERCUT
UNDERFILL
Concavity
EXCESSIVE CONCAVITY
Convexity
EXCESSIVE CONVEXITY
INCOMPLETE FUSION
 Film Processing

Developing tanks Film viewer

X-Ray Tube
Alternate X-ray tube design
Industrial application
 Magnetic Particle

Magnetic particle examination (MT) is suitable for the detection of cracks,

porosity, and lack of fusion at or near the surface of ferromagnetic
materials. Based on the particular MT method that is used, flaws that are
located up to 6.35 mm
Magnetizing prods for circular magnetization
Longitudinal magnetization
 Electromagnetic yoke
An excellent alternative for longitudinal magnetization
is the electromagnetic yoke.
 Liquid Penetrant
The basic steps of liquid penetrant examination are as follows:
1. Surface preparation and cleaning
2. Penetrant application
3. Removal of excess penetrant
4. Development
5. Inspection and evaluation

Liquid Penetrant Inspection is strictly a surface method.

It will find only those discontinuities which are open to
the surface of the material under test. Generally
speaking it can be used on most materials providing
they are essentially nonporous in nature.
Crack detected by LPI
Ultrasonic Testing

Ultrasonic testing, particularly shear wave testing

of welds, requires a high degree of operator skill if
it is to be effective. Accurate calibration of the
ultrasonic machine is essential for detection,
location and sizing of weld flaws such as lack of
fusion, incomplete penetration and cracking.
 Transducer

Mechanical vibrations used in ultrasonic examination are generated

by electromechanical transducers, devices which are able to
transform electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa.
For the frequencies used in ultrasonic examination, piezoelectric
transducers are used.
Ultrasonic equipment
In A-scan the CRT simply traces a graph of signal amplitude
versus time. The time base sweeps the CRT beam across the
screen in the horizontal direction while the ultrasonic signal
causes vertical deflection. The initial pulse appears at the left of
the screen and if a discontinuity is present a reflected signal
arrives back at the transducer sometime later, appearing on the
screen displaced to the right.
Scale expansion

The scale expansion permits setting the time base to represent

any convenient distance.
Delay and scale expansion

The delay control allows

the operator to select the
initial depth within the
specimen that is
represented on the
screen.
Angle probe
Resolution
Resolution is checked by using a reference block with closely
spaced holes. The resolution reference block shown in the figure
has three evenly spaced holes for each of three probe angles. The
CRT screen indications should show as three distinct peaks
Ultrasonic weld inspection
Advantages:
- High sensitivity, permitting detection of minute defects
- Great penetrating power, allowing examination of extremely thick
sections
- Accuracy in the measurement of flaw position and estimation of
flaw size
- Fast response, permitting rapid and automated inspection
- Need for access to only one surface of the specimen
- Does not pose radiation hazard as does radiography
Ultrasonic weld inspection
Limitations:
- Unfavorable sample geometry. For example; size, contour,
surface smoothness, complexity and defect orientation.
- Undesirable internal structure. For example; grain size,
structure, porosity, inclusion content, dispersed precipitates
- Skill and experience of the technician
UT surface condition requirements
Normal (longitudinal) beam probe

Normal transducers are most sensitive to defects which lie at right angles to the
direction of beam travel, e.g. laminations
Applications
Applications

UT inspection of a tee joint UT inspection of a corner joint

Angle beam transducer
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Distance calibration - normal probe
 DAC curve

Because of attenuation of the ultrasonic wave in the material, the

amplitude of the reflected wave depends on the sound path distance. A
correction for this effect can be made by constructing a "distance
amplitude correction" (DAC) curve.
 Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials

3- Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels

Fabricated by Welding
4- Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels
Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
5- Mandatory Appendices
6- Non Mandatory Appendices
REQUIREMENTS FOR POSTWELD
HEAT TREATMENT
The operation of post weld heat treatment
shall be carried out with the following
requirements:
The temperature of the furnace shall
not exceed 425C at the time the
vessel or part is placed in it
Above 425C the rate of heating shall
be not more than 222C/ h divided by
the maximum metal thickness of the
shell or head plate in inches, but in no
case more than 222C/h During the
heating period
The variation in temperature
throughout the portion of the vessel
 During the holding period, there
shall not be a greater difference
than 150F (83C) between the
highest and lowest temperature
throughout the portion of the vessel
being heated
During the heating and holding
periods, the furnace atmosphere
shall be so controlled as to avoid
excessive oxidation of the surface of
the vessel
Above 425C, cooling shall be done
in a closed furnace or cooling
The governing thickness tg of a welded part is as follows:
MATERIALS
When the
minimum
design
metal
temperatur
e is
colder than
48C and
no colder
than
105C,
and the
coincident
ratio
defined in
Fig. UCS-
 FORMING SHELL SECTIONS AND HEADS

Vessel shell sections,

heads, and other pressure
boundary parts of
carbon and low alloy
steel plates fabricated by
cold forming shall be
heat treated subsequently
when the resulting
extreme fiber elongation
is more than 5% from
the as-rolled condition
Control of Residual Stresses
Stress Relief
HEAT TREATMENT FOR WELDS
Preheating:
Heating prior to welding, usually to
temperatures less than 200 0C
Applied in welding C-Mn steels to
decrease cooling rates and reduce
HAZ hardness
Not generally required for stainless
steels. Nickel alloys, titanium,
Zirconium or Aluminum
POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
 Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials

3- Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels

Fabricated by Welding
4- Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels
Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
5- Mandatory Appendices
6- Non Mandatory Appendices
 MANDATORY APPENDIX 1
SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN FORMULAS
 BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTIONS
BOLT LOADS
(a) General Requirements
Cb = conversion factor
= 0.5 for U.S.; 2.5 for S.I
(b) Design Conditions
(1) Operating Conditions.
(2) Gasket Seating.
(c) Required Bolt Loads.
Operating Conditions

Gasket Seating
(d) Total Required Bolt Area
Is the greater of
Operating Conditions
Am1 =Wm1 / Sb
Gasket Seating
Am2 =Wm2 / Sa
(e) Flange Design Bolt Load W.
Operating Conditions
W = Wm1
Gasket Seating
 FLANGE MOMENTS
Operating Conditions

Gasket Seating
CALCULATION OF FLANGE STRESSES

f = hub stress factor

Fig. 2-7.6
e = F/ho
Ho = (Bgo)0.5
 ALLOWABLE FLANGE DESIGN STRESSES

1. longitudinal hub stress SH not greater than the

smaller of 1.5Sf or 2.5Sn
2. Radial flange stress SR not greater than Sf ;
3. Tangential flange stress ST not greater than Sf ;
 APPENDIX 4

ROUNDED INDICATIONS CHARTS

ACCEPTANCE STANDARD FOR
RADIOGRAPHICALLY DETERMINED
ROUNDED INDICATIONS IN WELDS
 APPENDIX 6
MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION (MT)
 APPENDIX 8
LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION (PT)
 APPENDIX 12
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS (UT)
 APPENDIX 13
VESSELS OF NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION
 APPENDIX 28
ALTERNATIVE CORNER WELD JOINT DETAIL
 Outline
1- Introduction to ASME SEC VIII DIV.1
2- Part UG General Requirements for All Methods
of Construction and All Materials

3- Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels

Fabricated by Welding
4- Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels
Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
5- Mandatory Appendices
6- Non Mandatory Appendices
 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX L
EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION
OF CODE FORMULAS AND RULES
 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX P
BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING
ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES FOR UCI, UCD, AND
ULT MATERIALS