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Basic Principles of
Ultrasonic Testing
Pulse
The ball starts to oscillate as soon as it is pushed
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Oscillation
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Movement of the ball over time
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Frequency
Time
a
Time
0 90 180 270 360
Phase
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Spectrum of sound
Frequency range Hz Description Example
star
t of o
scil
T la tion
distance travelled
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Distance travelled
Transverse wave
Direction of propagation
Direction of oscillation
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Wave propagation
Longitudinal waves propagate in all kind of materials.
Transverse waves only propagate in solid bodies.
Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse waves
travel at lower speeds.
Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-
modulus of the material.
Medium 1 Medium 2
Reflected wave
Interface
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Reflection + Transmission: Perspex - Steel
1,87
Reflected wave
Perspex Steel
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Reflection + Transmission: Steel - Perspex
0,13
-0,87
Reflected wave
Perspex Steel
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Amplitude of sound transmissions:
+
Battery
Piezoelectrical
Crystal (Quartz)
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Piezoelectric Effect
Sound wave
with
frequency f
U(f)
Short pulse
( < 1 s )
Electrical Piezoelectrical
crystal Ultrasonic wave
energy
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Probes
socket Delay / protecting face
crystal Electrical matching
Damping Cable
100 ns
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
RF signal (medium)
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Sound field
N
Near field Far field
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Instrument
0 2 4 6 8 10
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Instrument
- +
Uh
0 2 4 6 8 10
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Instrument
+ -
Uh
0 2 4 6 8 10
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Instrument
+
Uv
-
+ -
Uh
0 2 4 6 8 10
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Block diagram: Ultrasonic Instrument
amplifier
screen
IP horizontal
BE sweep
clock
pulser
probe
work piece
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Sound reflection at a flaw
Probe
Sound travel path
Flaw
Work piece
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Plate testing
IP
BE
delamination 0 2 4 6 8 10
plate
IP = Initial pulse
F = Flaw
BE = Backwall echo
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Wall thickness measurement
s
s
Corrosion 0 2 4 6 8 10
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Through transmission testing
1 T R 1
2 T R 2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flaw
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Weld inspection
a = s sin
F
a' = a - x = probe angle
s s = sound path
a = surface distance
d' = s cos a = reduced surface distance
d = virtual depth
0 20 40 60 80 100
d = 2T - t' d = actual depth
T = material thickness
a
x a'
d
Lack of fusion
Work piece with welding s
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Straight beam inspection techniques:
Direct contact, Direct contact,
Fixed delay
single element probe dual element probe
1 2
surface = water delay
sound entry
backwall flaw
IP 1 IP
IE IE 2
BE BE
F
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10