Proposed Hydroelectric

Power Plant Design

Agno River
Kabayan, Benguet

Proponents:
Alcedo, Armand Lois A.
Baluyot, Nikka M.
Lopez, Kim P.
Marges, John Roby F.
Ponteras, Jeric O.
Tenerife, Darren M.
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
 In this modern world, the demand for electricity goes higher and
higher. Water energy has been the most widely used form of
renewable energy for the production of electricity. With todays
emphasis on environmental considerations and conservation of
fossil fuels, other renewable resources are being used to employ
the energy sources of the sun and the earth for electricity
generation. Some of these resources that represent a viable
alternative to fossil fuels are solar power, wind power, geothermal,
biomass, and tidal power. The aspiration for bulk generation of
power in the future is nuclear fusion. If nuclear fusion is harnessed
economically, it would provide clean energy from an abundant
source of fuel, namely water.
 Harnessing
HYDROPOWER
Electricity generated by hydro power.

Most widely used form of renewable energy (16% of global electricity

generation).

Derived from the potential energy of dammed water

which is harnessed to turn a water turbine that further
drives a generator that produces electricity.

Non Polluting
 The Philippines has many rivers, lakes, waterfalls, irrigation
canals, springs, ponds and other water bodies that have vast
hydropower potential. Depending on the volume and kinetic energy
of the falling or running water many of these water sources are
technically feasible for development of micro- mini- or large
hydropower projects.
Many places in the Philippines especially those in rural areas still
need a supply of electricity. Using such a renewable source of
energy like hydroelectric power plant, there need can be sustain.
 Considering these facts, the proponents designed a
hydroelectric power plant which was proposed to be
located at Agno River in Kabayan, Benguet.
This is a solution to energy crisis suffered in the
country since the design will supply energy and
contribute to power generation in Philippine using our
own available resources.
Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of this research are to study and

locate proper location for hydroelectric power generator, to
compute for flow rate and finally to estimate the power
generation. Specificially, this study aims to:
1. To provide the following schematic diagram:
Plant layout
Generator set
Hydraulic Turbine
2. To come up with the appropriate design of a hydroelectric
power plant with at least 45 MW plant capacity.
Significance of the Study
Hydropower is fueled by water, so its a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesnt pollute
the air like power plants that burn fossil fuel, such as coal or natural gas. It uses water
sources as prime movers which do not emit harmful substances that can damage our
environment. It is also a domestic source of energy. This type of power plant relies on
water cycle driven by the sun, thus its a renewable power source. Water being used in
the process of generating electricity is maintained for the purpose of recycling water for
continuous operation of the hydropower plant.
Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water
through the turbines to produce electricity on demand. They can limit the operation of
the power plant to the demand required by the grid. Engineers have the control over the
operation proportional to the flexibility of the demand. These plants provide benefits in
addition to clean electricity.
Reservoir at most is used mainly as water storage for power generation and water
supply within the nearby community. In this case, they maximize the capability of the
dams which in return gives more benefits to mankind. Other benefits may include
flooding control.
Plant Site Description

Kabayan, Benguet
Location: Nueva Vizcaya, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

Longitude: 120.826923

Latitude: 16. 6170249

Elevation: 1320 m / 4331 feet

Barometric Pressure: 86 kPa

Annual Rainfall: 3500 mm

Map of Kabayan, Benguet
Topographic Map of Kabayan, Benguet
 Actual Photo of
Kabayan, Benguet
 Actual Photo of
Kabayan, Benguet
 Actual Photo of
Kabayan, Benguet
Review of Related
Literature
CHAPTER 2
Hydropower
Hydropower (from the Greek word hydor, meaning water) is
energy that comes from the force of moving water. The fall and
movement of wateris part of a continuous natural cycle called the
water cycle.
Energy from the sun evaporates water in the Earths oceans
and rivers and draws it upward as water vapor. When the water
vapor reaches the cooler air in the atmosphere, it condenses and
forms clouds. The moisture eventually falls to the Earth as rain or
snow, replenishing the water in the oceans and rivers. Gravity
drives the moving water, transporting it from high ground to low
ground. The force of moving water can be extremely powerful.
Hydropower
Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger
throughout the 20th century. Hydropower was referred to as white
coal for its power and plenty. Hoover Dam's initial 1,345 MW
power station was the world's largest hydroelectric power station in
1936; it was eclipsed by the 6809 MW Grand Coulee Dam in 1942.
The Itaipu Dam opened in 1984 in South America as the largest,
producing 14,000 MW but was surpassed in 2008 by the Three
Gorges Dam in China at 22,500 MW. Hydroelectricity would
eventually supply some countries, including Norway, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Paraguay and Brazil, with over 85% of
their electricity. The United States currently has over 2,000
hydroelectric power stations that supply 6.4% of its total electrical
production output, which is 49% of its renewable electricity.
A. Impoundment

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an

impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large
hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a
reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a
turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to
produce electricity. The water may be released either to meet
changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir
level.
A. Impoundment
 B. Diversion/ Run-of-River
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small
or no reservoir capacity, so that only the water coming from
upstream is available for generation at that moment, and any
oversupply must pass unused. A constant supply of water from
a lake or existing reservoir upstream is a significant advantage
in choosing sites for run-of-the-river. In the United States, run
of the river hydropower could potentially provide 60,000
megawatts (80,000,000 hp) (about 13.7% of total use in 2011 if
continuously available). A diversion, sometimes called run-of-
river, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or
penstock. It may not require the use of a dam.
B. Diversion/ Run-of-River
 C. Pump Storage
Another type of hydropower called pumped storage works like a
battery, storing the electricity generated by other power sources like
solar, wind, and nuclear for later use. It stores energy by pumping water
uphill to a reservoir at higher elevation from a second reservoir at a
lower elevation. When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped
storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to
an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is
released back to the lower reservoir and turns a turbine, generating
electricity. This method produces electricity to supply high peak
demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At
times of low electrical demand, the excess generation capacity is used
to pump water into the higher reservoir. When the demand becomes
greater, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine.
Large
Large-scale hydroelectric power stations are more
commonly seen as the largest power producing facilities in the
world, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of generating
more than double the installed capacities of the current largest
nuclear power stations.
Small
Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a
scale serving a small community or industrial plant. The
definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating
capacity of up to 10 megawatts (MW) is generally accepted as
the upper limit of what can be termed small hydro.
Micro
Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically
produce up to 100 kW of power. These installations can provide power to an
isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power
networks. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in
developing nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without
purchase of fuel.

Pico
Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of
under 5 kW. It is useful in small, remote communities that require
only a small amount of electricity. A Pico-hydro setup is typically run-
of-the-river, meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert
some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine
before returning it to the stream.
 Typically headworks comprise a structure to raise the water
level to the desired elevation and a water intake structure to
safely divert water from the river course to the waterway. In
addition, headworks are designed to allow flood discharges to
pass without risking structural instability, safe scheme
operation, or upstream flooding.
 Figure 2.3 Fixed-Overflow Weir
To raise the water level, a barrier is constructed a dam or a
weir that spans the cross-section of a river or a valley.
Methodology
(Technical Considerations)
CHAPTER 3
Gathered Data:

Latitude: 120.83 N
Longitude: 16.62 E
Elevation: 1320 m
Barometric Pressure: 86 KPa
Average Annual Rainfall = 3500 mm
Design Parameters:

Catchment Area = 1.20 km2

Length of Penstock = 155.38 m
Headwater Elevation = 258 m
Tail water Elevation = - 5 m
Penstock efficiency = 90 %
Turbine efficiency = 80 %
Diameter of the discharge (Penstock) = 2.7 m
Velocity = 3.6 m/s
Calculations

A. Design Calculation for Flow Rate

B. Determination of Net Head
C. Length of Penstock
D. Water Speed
E. Specific Speed
F. Number of Blades and Buckets
G. Synchronous Speed of the Turbine
H. Number of Poles
A. Design Calculation for Flow Rate
The evaporation of water from a water surface, as an open
tank, a swimming pool or river, depends on the temperature in
the water and the temperature in the air, the actual humidity of
the air and the velocity of the air above the surface.

The amount of evaporated water can be expressed as:

gs = A (xs - x) / 3600
or
gh = A (xs - x)
where
B. gs = amount of evaporated water per second (kg/s)
C. gh = amount of evaporated water per hour (kg/h)
D. = (25 + 19 v) = evaporation coefficient (kg/m2h)
E. v = velocity of air above the water surface (m/s)
F. A = water surface area (m2)
G. xs = humidity ratio in saturated air at the same temperature
as the water surface (kg/kg) (kg H2O in kg Dry Air)
H. x = humidity ratio in the air (kg/kg) (kg H2O in kg Dry Air)
COMPUTING EVAPORATION LOSS

gh = A (xs - x)
Given the following constant value in the said area
v = 3.11 m/s
xs = 0.01598 kg/kg
x = 0.0137 kg/kg
Sa = 19000000 m3
gh = ( 25 + 19 (3.11 m/s)) (1200000) ((0.01598 kg/kg) - (0.0137kg/kg))
= 230070.24 kg/hr
= 63.9084 kg/s , 1 mm rainfall = 1 kg/s

= 0.064 m rainfall
Annual Rainfall,m = 3.5 m 0.064 m = 3.436 m
Q=(Area,m^2 x (Annual Rainfall,m))/(time,sec)
Q=(190000000 m^2 x (3.436,m))/(365*24*3600 sec)
Q = 20.70 m3/s
B. Determination of the Net Head
A.1 Method of Determining the Gross Head
For Reaction (Francis) Turbine and Propeller (Kaplan),
gross head is the difference in elevation between the
headwater and tailwater.

where:

= elevation of headwater, m
= elevation of tailwater, m
A.1 Method of Determining the Net Head
Net Head is the effective head. It is the difference
between the gross head and friction head loss.

where:
= gross head, m
= head loss, m
For
= head loss, m
= + +

= head loss at the entrance of the gate

= head loss at the nozzle
 25.3 m
= Ke(hg)
hg = 50 m
= 0.5 *50
= 25 m

m
C. Length of Penstock
Method of Determining the Friction Loss
Friction Head Loss is expressed as a percentage of the gross head.
Using Darcys Equation:

where:
f = coefficient of friction
l = length of penstock,m
v = velocity, m/sec
g = gravity, 9.81 m/s
D = inside diameter, m

L = 187.6 m
D. Water Power

Pavailable = QHn
Pavailable = 20.7 (9.81) (222.31)
Pavailable = 45.14 MW
E. Specific Speed
Method of Determining the Specific Speed of Hydraulic Turbine
The specific speed in rpm at which the turbine impeller would operate if
reduced proportionally in size so as to deliver to the rated capacity of 1 unit
rate of volume.
In SI unit
,rpm
where:

= Brake Power, Kw

N = speed, rpm
= head, m

From Power Plant Theory and Design by Potter page 651 Fig 16-3
Hn= 202.31 m approx. 670ft
Type of Turbine: Francis Turbine
Ns = 21 rpm
F. Number of Blades and Buckets

From Table 1, 5-53, Kents Mechanical Engineering

Handbook
Ns = 18-31 rpm
Ns = 21 rpm
No. of Buckets/Blades = 18
G. Synchronous Speed of the Turbine

From Trillana and Dela Rama pp. 429

Ns = Specific speed, is the rotative speed at which
a turbine will run and develops 1Bhp
Ns =
21 =
N = 1363.81 rpm
N = 1365 rpm
H. Number of Poles
Method of Determining the Generator Speed
Is related to generator frequency(cycles per second of
generator voltage) by a fixed linear equation.

where: N = speed, rpm

=
frequency, usually 60 Hz
= number of poles (even number)
P=
P=
P = 5.27 poles
P = 6 poles