AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA

AND
ANTARCTICA

Prepared by
Aina Izzaty bt.Mohd Suhairi 2014613264
Nabilah Syahirah bt.Mohd Amin 2014678362
 SUBREGIONS

Australia and New

Zealand
South Pacific islands
Antarctica
Country Profile : Australia

Capital : Canberra
Currency : Australian Dollar
1MYR=0.322688AUD
President :
Prime Minister : Malcolm Turnbull
GDP : US$1.525 trillion (2014)
Population : 22.6 millions
Main Languages : Australian English
Religions : Anglican (26%), Roman Catholic(26%),other
Christian (24%)
Export : Iron ore ,gold ,coal,meat, wool,
alumina,wheat,machinery and
transport equipment
Import : Machinery and transport equipment, computers and
office machines,
telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and
petroleum
 Australias Sovereignty

In 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia

emerged from direct rule of the British Crown
and became a sovereign country.
Sydney and Melbourne completed for the role
of national capital, but the question was
resolved by building a specially planned city
in a new Australian Capital Territory centered
on Canberra. The federal government moved
there in 1928.
Southeast Australia
Sydney
Melbourne
Adelaide
 Economic Development of
Southeast Australia

Much of the southeastern coastal region is bound inland

by the hills and plateaus of the Great Dividing Range .
The main concentration of Australias sheep farming is
distributed on the western side of the Great Dividing
Range.
The Smaller state of Victoria is focused on its largest
city, Melbourne which its inland farming area is
concerned mainly with irrigated farming such as grapes,
fruits and grain crops.
The main city of South Australia, Adelaide in an
agricultural zone at the southern edge of the state.
Much of the rest of the state is desert.
 Northern Australia

Queensland
Northern
Territory
 Cont...

Tropical Queensland is the second largest state in area with

its main city, Brisbane.
Queensland contains the majority of Australias cattle
ranching, has major mining operations, and is developing
tourist attractions.
Northern Territory is the least populated of Australias
primary political divisions.
The tropical climate of northernmost Australia brings
monsoon rains to the coasts of both Queensland and
Northern Territory.
 Western Australia

Economic Development
Inland of Great Dividing Range, the Murray- Darling River
lowlands have a subhumid climate that supports a major
farming region producing cattle, sheep, grain, and fruit in
western Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria.
Winter rains typical of a Mediterranean climate regime occur
provide a basis for agricultural settlements centered on the
state capital,Perth.
Western Australia is largest state in area but mostly desert,
Perth has farming and mines in its immediate hinterland and
large iron ore mines farther north.
 Australias Dominant Mining

Mining provides nearly half of the value of goods exported by

Australia.
In the first 2000s, it was the worlds largest exporter of coal and the
largest supplier of high quality coking oil.
In 2009,Australia holds the worlds largest uranium reserves and was
the third biggest global suppliers.
Other minerals of importance to Australia include iron ore. Australia
also opened the worlds largest diamond mine in the 1990s.
Developers who want to expand Australias mining capacity and
production occasionally have conflicts with environmental activitist
and Aborigine communities who assert the need to proceed cautiously
and to respect lands that are environmentally sensitive to indigenous
people.
New energy resources include natural gas fields along Australias west
coast, tied to the construction of lique-faction plants that export the
gas to Japan.
 Australias Farm Output

Two percent of Australias agriculture land is cultivated and

the reminder is devoted to livestock grazing.
Australia farmers export 80 percent of their production,
with most sales going to Asian markets.
Wheat, oilseeds, beef ,yeal and wine are the main exports.
The devaluations in countries such as Brazil and Argentina
are among the global challenges Australia faces in
maintaining and increasing market for agriculture products.
 Tourism
In 1980s, the numbers of foreign visitors increased from
around 1 million to nearly 5.6 million in 2008.
Over half of these visitors came from Asia, attracted by the
beaches, the golf courses, and the theme park along
Queenslands Gold Coast.
Many visitors from Japan, and Taiwan partly to purchase
goods at lower prices than are available at home.
Tourist from North America and Europe come to experience
Australian culture, its cities, beaches, barrier reefs and
outdoor adventures. The unique wildlife, flora,and rock
formations form the basis of its expanding ecotourism
industry.
Country Profile: New Zealand
Capital : Wellington
Currency : New Zealand dollar
1MYR= 0.352078NZD
Prime Minister : John Key
GDP : $170.59 billion
Population : 4.471million(2013)
Main Languages : New Zealand English
Religions :
Roman Catholic(12.61%),Anglican(11.79%),Presbyterian(8.47%),Other
Christianity(15.14%),Hinduism(2.11%),Buddhism(1.50%),Islam(1.18%),
Other religions (1.53%), No religion(41.92%)
Export : Concentrated Milk,Sheep and Goat Meat,Rough Wood, Butter
andFrozen Bovine Meat
Import : Crude Petroleum,Cars ,Refined Petroleum, Computers
andDelivery
Trucks
 Economy Development
New Zealands economy is primarily based on natural resources, the
export of farm and forest products to Europe, and tourism.
The main economic products entering world market s are wool ,
lamb, and dairy products.
During 1990s and early 2000s, New Zealand s coal production and
exports increase and one-third of its export income is from livestock.
In 1990s, the country income from meat products fell, leading to
reductions in herds of beef cattle and sheep, but dairy product
demand and deer farming expanded into the 2000s.
From the early 1900s, the New Zealand government replanted large
areas of forest with Radiata Pines and Douglas firs, softwoods that
thrive in the climate and environment
This afforestation policy provides an increasing harvest that find the
markets in Asian countries with limited diminishing forest cover.
Hence, the sustainable forestry is now as profitable as farming in
New Zealand.
 Tourism
New Zealand expanded its tourist industry through its
outdoor attractions on both North Island and South Island.
The improved and cheaper airline access overcame the
great distances from the main sources of wealthier tourist.
In 2008, New Zealand had slightly more than 2.4 million
tourist, almost triple its 1990 number.
New Zealand also serves as a gateway for scientific
expeditions and tourist journeys to Antarctica and the
countrys economy captures some revenue as Antarctic
travelers spend some of their predeparture or post-polar
adventure time there.
 OCEANIA

VANUATU SOLOMON SAMOA TUVALU

TONGA PALAU PAPUA NEW

GUINEA

FIJI MARSHALL NAURU KIRIBATI

ISLAND
OCEANIA
FIJI
Official Name: Republic Of Fiji

President : George Konrote

Prime Minister : Frank Bainimarama

Capital : Suva

Official Languages : English, Fijian, Hindi

Currency : 1 Fijian Dollar (FJD) = 1.98 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $4.250 billion

GDP (nominal) : $3.671 billion

Ethnic Group Percentage : Fijian 50%, South Asian 45%, Others 5%

Religions : Methodist, other Christian, Hindu, Roman Catholic and Muslim

Export : coconuts, sugar and honey, fish and gold.

Import : consumer goods, food, fuels, industrial supplies, machinery, transportation and other
KIRIBATI
Official Name: Republic Of Kiribati

President : Anote Tong

Capital : Tarawa

Official Languages : English, Gilbertese

Currency : 1 Australian Dollar (AUD) = 3.09 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $599 million

GDP (nominal) : $167 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Micronesian with Tuvaluan minority

Religions : Roman Catholic 52%, Protestant 48%

Export : copra, coconut, seaweed, fish

Import : food, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel

MARSHALL ISLAND
Official Name: Republic Of Marshall Island

President : Christopher Loeak

Capital : Majuro

Official Languages : English, Marshallese

Currency : 1 United States Dollar (USD) = 4.22 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $115 million

GDP (nominal) : $167 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, others 2%

Religions : Christian (mainly Protestant)

Export : fish, coconut oil, trochus shell (type of shellfish)

Import : foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels, beverages and tobacco

NAURU
Official Name: Republic Of Nauru

President : Baron Waqa

Capital : Yaren

Official Languages : English, Nauruan

Currency : 1 Australian Dollar (AUD) = 3.09 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $36.9 million

GDP (nominal) : $ million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Nauruan 58%, other Pacific 26%, Chinese 8%

Religions : Christian (mainly Protestant) 80%

Export : phosphate, coconut products

Import : food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery

PALAU
Official Name: Republic Of Palau

President : Tommy Remengesau

Capital : Ngerulmud

Official Languages : English, Palauan, local languages (Sonsorolese, Tobian)

Currency : 1 United States Dollar (USD) = 4.22 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $288 million

GDP (nominal) : $132 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Palauan 72.5%, Filipino 16.3%, Chinese 1.6%, other Asian 3.4%

Religions : Roman Catholic 40%, Protestant 25%, Local

Export : copra,, coconuts, tuna, handicraft, trochus shell

Import : machinery and equipment, fuels, metals, foodstuffs

PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Official Name: Independent State Of Papua New Guinea

Prime Minister : Peter ONeill

Capital : Port Moresby

Official Languages : English, Papua New Guinean Sign Language, Melanesian

Currency : 1 Papua New Guinean Kina (PGK) = 1.44 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $19.828 billion

GDP (nominal) : $15.973 billion

Ethnic Group Percentage : Melanesian 98%

Religions : Protestant 44%, Roman Catholic 22%, Local 34%

Export : oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish, prawns

Import : machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels, chemicals
SOLOMON ISLAND
Official Name: The Solomon Island Archipelago

Prime Minister : Manasseh Sogavare

Capital : Honiara

Official Languages : English, Melanesian pidgin, local

Currency : 1 MYR = 1.83 Solomon Island Dollar (SBD)

GDP (PPP) : $1.725 billion

GDP (nominal) : $840 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%

Religions : Christian 95%

Export : timber, fish, palm oil, cocoa, copra

Import : food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals

TONGA
Official Name: Kingdom Of Tonga

Prime Minister : Akilisi Pohiva

Capital : Nukualofa

Official Languages : English, Tongan

Currency : 1 Tongan Paanga (TOP) = 1.94 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $763 million

GDP (nominal) : $439 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Tongan 98%

Religions : Methodist 36%, Roman Catholic 15%, other Christian 49%

Export : squash (pumpkin or gourd), fish, vanilla beans, root crops

Import : foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

TUVALU
Official Name: Ellice Island

Prime Minister : Enele Sopoaga

Capital : Funafuti

Official Languages : English, Tuvaluan

Currency : 1 Australian Dollar (AUD) = 3.09 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $36 million

GDP (nominal) : $38 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Religions : Church Of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%

Export : copra, fish, coconuts products

Import : food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

VANUATU
Official Name: Republic Of Vanuatu

President : Baldwin Lonsdale

Prime Minister : Sato Kilman

Capital : Port Vila

Official Languages : English, French, Bislama

Currency : 1 Vanuatu Vatu (VUV) = 0.04 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $1.204 billion

GDP (nominal) : $743 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, others 1.5%

Religions : Presbyterian 35%, Anglican 15%, Roman Catholic 15%

Export : copra, beef, cocoa, timber, kava (plants), coffee

Import : machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels

WESTERN SAMOA
Official Name: Independent State Of Western Samoa

Prime Minister : Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi

Capital : Apia

Official Languages : English, Samoan

Currency : 1 Samoan Tala (WST) = 1.62 MYR

GDP (PPP) : $0.995 billion

GDP (nominal) : $825 million

Ethnic Group Percentage : Samoans 93%, Euronesian mixtures 7%

Religions : Christian (mostly Protestant) 99%

Export : coconut oil and cream, copra, fish, beer

Import : machinery and equipment, foodstuffs

MICRONESIA
Micronesia is a sub-region of Oceania, comprising thousands of
small islands in the western Pacific Oceania.
The region has a tropical marine climate and is part of the Oceania
eco-zone.
There are four main island groups, which are:
- Caroline Islands
- Gilbert Islands
- Mariana Islands
- Marshall Islands
Economic activities consists largely of subsistence farming and
fishing.
English (official and common language), Chuukese, Kosrean,
Pohnpeian, Yapese, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi

Northern Mariana Marshall Island Federated states of

Island MIcronesia
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Commercialization of inter-island trade occurred in the early

postcolonial years.
Some of the islands entered the world economy with sales of
coconut palm products such as copra - the dried white meat that
lines the inside of the coconut shell and provides oil used in soap
and candles.
Manufactured goods from Europe and the United States and
expensive diesel oil for power were imported.
Many islands needed subsidies from prior colonial powers and
remained materially poor.
Some islands, including Tuvalu, relied on external aid for nearly
100 percent of their income.
Farm, forest, and mine products
Apart from Papua New Guinea (copper and steel) and Nauru (phosphate),
few islands have natural resources except for warm climate, nutrient-rich
volcanic or coral limestone soils, and the surrounding ocean.
The small areas available for agriculture allowed few islands to diversify
into commercial crops beyond coconuts and copra.
Fiji produces sugar and Tonga produces banana and vanilla in addition to
coconuts.
World attention was drawn to the cutting of tropical hardwoods on Papua
New Guinea and the Solomon Islands by a statement made at the South
Pacific Forum in Brisbane in the mid-1990s that the islands were being
ripped off.
Cutting now is at level s that could remove all the timber and little
replacement planting is taking place.
Beginning in the mid-1900s, strip mining for phosphate rock (used in
fertilizers) created barren, jagged surfaces over much of the islands
tropical vegetation.
Opting for independence in 1968, the island bought out the phosphate
company.
 By the end of 1990s, the depletion of phosphates resources and
falling phosphate prices had also reduced the islands income.
In the early 2000s, the Nauru government made some money by
suing former colonial governments for mining-related degradation,
by allowing offshore banking that encouraged the deposits of
unrecorded Russian mafia accounts, and by leasing land to Australia
for a detention camp for asylum seekers.

NOTES;
Offshore bank are those who permit discreet fund deposits from global clients.
Offshore fund sources are
protected and funds are sheltered from taxes and other government regulation.
 TOURISM

The tourism industry is one of the few economic vehicles people of

the sub-region have to increase their incomes.
Tourism is important on some islands that are on international air
routes, have particular attractions, or have well organized tourist
facilities, such as Fiji, Guam, the Marshall and Northern Mariana
Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu and Western Samoa.
It has little or no impact on those that lack such facilities, such as
Kiribati, Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, the Solomon Islands or Tuvalu.
However, tourism can destroy or merely exploit the last remnants
of traditional culture, and it often pays low wages to local people.
Yet, it may be better industry to work in than the low-wage
factories found in other poor countries.
Tourism in this region remains dependent on the retention of an
attractive environment and political stability and so is likely to
encourage good environmental practices.
Orchid Island Fijian Cultural Puntan Dos Amantes, Guam
Center

Majuro Atoll Marshall Island Bishop Museum, Vanuatu

A N T A R C T I CA
 Antarcticas Global Status

In late 1700s, the geographic expedition begin with Captain

James Cooks voyages to Southern Ocean.
In early 1900s,the governments raced to be the country that
was first to reach the South Pole.
In December 1959, 12 countries signed the original
Antarctic Treaty as a basis for non military scientific
cooperation, environmental safeguards and international
control.
In 1991, the Wellington Agreement banned commercial
mining activities and introduced protection regulations.
ATS (Antarctic Treaty System) prohibits any military use of or
weapons testing on Antarctica. The ATS encourages scientific
research and exchange among interested signatory
countries.
 Cont...

In early 2000s, the main interest in Antarctica concern

important role as a laboratory for monitoring global climate
change and the study of the development of the ozone hole
above it, the extent of ice on the continent and the
surrounding oceans, and the bounty of the ocean
ecosystems.
 Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
The frozen continent forms its own cold climate with heating deficit
throughout the year.
The contrast in the atmosphere creates a sharp boundary between
Antarctic air and warmer midlatitude air, generating a frontal zone
and a succession of midlatitude cyclonic storm with high winds.
Despite the barrier to climatic elements entering Antarcticas
atmosphere, small quantities of chlorine gases penetrated from lower
latitudes to produce the ozone hole forming above the continent at
the end of the Antarctic winters each October. This hole filters out
harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Scientists directly attribute the improvement of protective ozone over
Antarctica to the willingness of many governments around the world
to curb or ban the use of ozone-depleting chemicals.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, some Antarcticas ice shelves,
where ice flowed off the continents to cover the ocean surface, melted
as a sign of climate change.
 Antarcticas Resources
Antarctica is not a country and so does not have an economy of its own.
The ATS prevents the known deposits of coal and other minerals from
being exploited. Oil and natural gas deposits beneath the continents shelf
also remain unexploited and somewhat protect by international
agreements.
Antarcticas living organisms are dominated by a huge variety of sea birds
including penguins that rely on the rich ocean life of plankton, fish, seals
and whales.
In 1982, as commercial fishers from around the world increased their
exploitation of the marine resources, it was agreed internationally to
regulate such fishing.
The fish stocks such as cod, together with some groups of whales, were
declining.
Plus, it is impossible to monitor fishing in the extensive area of ocean, that
few ships passing through and not the responsibility of any particular
country.
 Tourism

In the early 2000s, tourism on Antarctica began to grow

quickly.
By 2008, it is reported that more than 45,000 visitors made
their way to the continents shores.
The numbers increased with the arrival of sturdy ice-
breaking ships that facilitated landing possibilities and as
global warming reduced the extent of regional ocean ice
cover.
Most tourist reach Antarctica on commercial cruise ships
setting sale from Southern Hemisphere ports. Visitors are
attracted to the scenery, wildlife, scientific research
stations , and for many, the ability to say they visited the
bottom of the world.