DC Machines

RKTiwary
 An electric motor converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy
A generator converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
(a) When the magnet is moved at constant
speed towards the coil a deflection is noted
on the galvanometer showing that a current
has
been produced in the coil
(a) When the magnet is moved at constant
speed towards the coil a deflection is noted
on the galvanometer showing that a current
has
been produced in the coil
(b) When the magnet is moved at the same
speed as
in (a)but away from the coil the same
deflection
is noted but is in the opposite direction
(a) When the magnet is moved at constant
speed towards the coil a deflection is noted
on the galvanometer showing that a current
has
been produced in the coil
(b) When the magnet is moved at the same
speed as
in (a)but away from the coil the same
deflection
is noted but is in the opposite direction
(c) When the magnet is held stationary, even
within
the coil, no deflection is recorded.
(a) When the magnet is moved at constant
speed towards the coil a deflection is noted
on the galvanometer showing that a current
has
been produced in the coil
(b) When the magnet is moved at the same
speed as
in (a)but away from the coil the same
deflection
is noted but is in the opposite direction
(c) When the magnet is held stationary, even
within
the coil, no deflection is recorded.
(e) When the relative speed is, say, doubled,
the
galvanometer deflection is doubled.
(e) When the relative speed is, say, doubled,
the
galvanometer deflection is doubled.
(f) When a stronger magnet is used, a
greater galvanometer deflection is noted.
(e) When the relative speed is, say, doubled,
the
galvanometer deflection is doubled.
(f) When a stronger magnet is used, a
greater galvanometer deflection is noted.
(e) When the relative speed is, say, doubled,
the
galvanometer deflection is doubled.

(f) When a stronger magnet is used, a

greater galvanometer deflection is noted.

(g) When the number of turns of wire of the

coil is
increased, a greater gal vanometer
deflection is
noted.
(e) When the relative speed is, say, doubled,
the
galvanometer deflection is doubled.

(f) When a stronger magnet is used, a

greater galvanometer deflection is noted.

(g) When the number of turns of wire of the

coil is
increased, a greater gal vanometer
deflection is
noted.

It is the relative movement of the

Flemings Right-hand rule
First finger Field
ThuMb Motion
SEcond finger E.m.f.
E=Blv volts
OR
E=Blv sin volts
where B, the flux density, is
measured in teslas,
length(l), length of conductor
and v, the conductor velocity
in
metres per second.
Eg.The wing span of a metal airplane is 36 m. If
the airplane is flying at 400 km/h, determine the
e.m.f. induced between its wing tips. Assume the
vertical component of the earths
magnetic field is 40 T.
Eg.The wing span of a metal airplane is 36 m. If the
airplane is flying at 400 km/h, determine the e.m.f.
induced between its wing tips. Assume the vertical
component of the earths
magnetic field is 40 T.

Induced e.m.f. across wing tips, E =Blv

B=40 T= 40106 T, l =36m and
v = 400 1000/(60X60)=400/36m/s
Hence
E = Blv = (40 106)(36)400/36 = 0.16V
Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field

Figure shows a view of a

looped conductor whose sides
are moving across a magnetic
field.
By definition, the induced
e.m.f. will be equal to Blv sin
and flowing into the board
Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field

Figure shows a view of a

looped conductor whose sides
are moving across a magnetic
field.
By definition, the induced
e.m.f. will be equal to Blv sin

Theand flowing side
left-hand into is
the board in an upward direction
moving
Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field

Figure shows a view of a

looped conductor whose sides
are moving across a magnetic
field.
By definition, the induced
e.m.f. will be equal to Blv sin

Theand flowing side
left-hand into is
the board in an upward direction
moving
The right-hand side is moving in a downward
direction
Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field

By definition, the induced

e.m.f. will be equal to Blv sin
and flowing into the board
The left-hand side is moving in an upward direction
The right-hand side is moving in a downward
direction
Therefore the total e.m.f. for the loop conductor
=2Blv sin
Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field

By definition, the induced

e.m.f. will be equal to Blv sin
and flowing into the board
The left-hand side is moving in an upward direction
The right-hand side is moving in a downward
direction
Therefore the total e.m.f. for the loop conductor
=2Blv sin
The coil is made up of a number of turns N
Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field

By definition, the induced

e.m.f. will be equal to Blv sin
and flowing into the board
The left-hand side is moving in an upward direction
The right-hand side is moving in a downward
direction
Therefore the total e.m.f. for the loop conductor
=2Blv sin
The coil is made up of a number of turns N
The total e.m.f. E= 2NBlv sin
Problem . A rectangular coil of sides 12 cm and 8 cm is
rotated in a magnetic field of flux density 1.4T, the
longer side of the coil actually cutting this flux. The coil
is made up of 80 turns and rotates at
1200 rev/min. (a) Calculate the maximum generated
e.m.f. (b) If the coil generates 90 V, at what speed will
the coil rotate?
(a)Calculate the maximum generated e.m.f
Generated e.m.f. E =2NBLv sin
where number of turns, N =80, flux density, B=1.4T,
length of conductor in magnetic field, l =12 cm =0.12
m,

velocity, =1.6 m/s,

and for maximum e.m.f. induced, =90, from which,

sin =1

Hence, maximum e.m.f. induced, E=2NBlv sin

=2801.40.121.6
(b) If the coil generates 90 V, at what speed will the
coil rotate?

Since E = 2NBlv sin

then 90 = 2801.40.12v1
from which, v = 3.348 m/s
v=r
hence, angular velocity
=83.7 rad/s

Speed of coil in rev/min= 83.760 /2 =799

rev/min
An alternative method of determining (b) is by direct
proportion.
Since E =2NBlv sin , then with N, B, l and being
constant,
Ev
If from (a), 135.1 V is produced by a speed of 1200
rev/min,
then 1V would be produced by a speed of
1200/135.1=8.88 rev/min
Hence, 90V would be produced by a speed of
908.88=799 rev/min
The action of a commutator

F =BIl.
 D.C. machine
construction
The basic parts of any d.c.
machine are shown in Fig. ,
and comprise:

(a) a stationary part called the stator having,

(i) a steel ring called the yoke, to which are attached
(ii) the magnetic poles, around which are the
(iii) field windings, i.e. many turns of a conductor
wound round the pole core; current passing through
this conductor creates an
 (b) a rotating part called the
armature mounted in
bearings housed in the stator
and having,

(iv) a laminated cylinder of iron or steel called the

core, on which teeth are cut to house the
(v) armature winding, i.e. a single or multiloop
conductor system, and
(vi) the commutator
Armature windings can be divided into two groups; called
wave windings and lap windings.
(a) In wave windings there are two paths in parallel
irrespective of the number of poles, each path supplying
half the total current output. Wave wound generators
produce high voltage, low current
outputs.

(b) In lap windings there are as many paths in parallel

as the machine has poles. The total current output
divides equally between them. Lap wound generators
produce high current, low voltage output.
Shunt, series and compound windings
When the field winding of a d.c. machine is connected
in parallel with the armature, as shown in Fig. (a), the
machine is said to be shunt wound.
If the field winding is connected in series with the
armature, as shown in Fig. (b), then the machine is
said to be series wound.
E.m.f. generated in an armature winding
Let Z =number of armature conductors,
=useful flux per pole, in webers,
p =number of pairs of poles
and n =armature speed in rev/s
The e.m.f. generated by the armature is equal to the
e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel paths
E.m.f. generated in an armature winding
Let Z =number of armature conductors,
=useful flux per pole, in webers,
p =number of pairs of poles
and n =armature speed in rev/s
The e.m.f. generated by the armature is equal to the
e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel paths
Each conductor passes 2p poles per revolution and thus
cuts 2p
webers of magnetic flux per revolution
E.m.f. generated in an armature winding
Let Z =number of armature conductors,
=useful flux per pole, in webers,
p =number of pairs of poles
and n =armature speed in rev/s
The e.m.f. generated by the armature is equal to the
e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel paths
Each conductor passes 2p poles per revolution and thus
cuts 2p
webers of magnetic flux per revolution
Hence total flux cut by a conductor= 2p n
So the average emf generated per conductor E= 2p n
since 1 volt=1Weber per second
Let Z =number of armature conductors,
The e.m.f. generated by the armature is equal to the
e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel paths
Each conductor passes 2p poles per revolution and thus
cuts 2p
webers of magnetic flux per revolution
Hence total flux cut by a conductor= 2p n
So the average emf generated per conductor E= 2p n
since 1 volt=1Weber per second
Let c = number of parallel paths through the winding
between positive and negative brushes
c=2 for a wave winding
c=2p for a lap winding
Let Z =number of armature conductors,
The e.m.f. generated by the armature is equal to the
e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel paths
Each conductor passes 2p poles per revolution and thus
cuts 2p
webers of magnetic flux per revolution
Hence total flux cut by a conductor= 2p n
So the average emf generated per conductor E= 2p n
Let c = number of parallel paths through the winding
between positive and negative brushes
c=2 for a wave winding c=2p for a lap winding
The number of conductors in series in each path=Z/c
Let Z =number of armature conductors,
The e.m.f. generated by the armature is equal to the
e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel paths
Each conductor passes 2p poles per revolution and thus
cuts 2p
webers of magnetic flux per revolution
Hence total flux cut by a conductor= 2p n
So the average emf generated per conductor E= 2p n
Let c = number of parallel paths through the winding
between positive and negative brushes
c=2 for a wave winding c=2p for a lap winding
The number of conductors in series in each path=Z/c
The total e.m.f. between brushes =
Let Z =number of armature conductors,
The e.m.f. generated by the armature is equal to the
e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel paths
Each conductor passes 2p poles per revolution and thus
cuts 2p
webers of magnetic flux per revolution
Hence total flux cut by a conductor= 2p n
So the average emf generated per conductor E= 2p n
Let c = number of parallel paths through the winding
between positive and negative brushes
c=2 for a wave winding c=2p for a lap winding
The number of conductors in series in each path=Z/c
The total e.m.f. between brushes =
generated e.m.f. E = 2p nZ/c
Since Z, p and c are constant for a given
machine,then E n.
generated e.m.f. E = 2p nZ/c
Since Z, p and c are constant for a given
machine,then E n.
Since angular velocity = 2n in radians per
second
The generated emf E
Problem:A 4-pole generator has a lap-wound armature
with 50 slots with 16 conductors per slot. The useful flux
per pole is 30mWb. Determine the speed at which the
machine must be driven to
generate an e.m.f. of 240V.
Problem:A 4-pole generator has a lap-wound armature
with 50 slots with 16 conductors per slot. The useful flux
per pole is 30mWb. Determine the speed at which the
machine must be driven to
generate an e.m.f. of 240V.

E =240V, c=2 p (for a lap winding), Z =5016=800

and =30103 Wb.
Generated e.m.f.
Problem:A 4-pole generator has a lap-wound armature
with 50 slots with 16 conductors per slot. The useful flux
per pole is 30mWb. Determine the speed at which the
machine must be driven to
generate an e.m.f. of 240V.

E =240V, c=2 p (for a lap winding), Z =5016=800

and =30103 Wb.
Generated e.m.f.
Problem:A 4-pole generator has a lap-wound armature
with 50 slots with 16 conductors per slot. The useful flux
per pole is 30mWb. Determine the speed at which the
machine must be driven to
generate an e.m.f. of 240V.

E =240V, c=2 p (for a lap winding), Z =5016=800

and =30103 Wb.
Generated e.m.f.

Rearranging gives, speed,

= 10 rev/s or 600 rev/min

Problem 5. A d.c. shunt-wound generator
running at constant speed generates a voltage of
150V at a certain value of field current.
Determine the change in the generated voltage
when the field current is reduced by 20 per cent,
assuming the flux
is proportional to the field current
Problem 5. A d.c. shunt-wound generator
running at constant speed generates a voltage of
150V at a certain value of field current.
Determine the change in the generated voltage
when the field current is reduced by 20 per cent,
assuming the flux
is proportional to the field current
At speed n1 and flux 1, E1 = k1n1
At speed n2 and flux 2, E2 = k2n2 Where k is
constant
Problem 5. A d.c. shunt-wound generator
running at constant speed generates a voltage of
150V at a certain value of field current.
Determine the change in the generated voltage
when the field current is reduced by 20 per cent,
assuming the flux
is proportional to the field current

At speed n1 and flux 1, E1 = k1n1

At speed n2 and flux 2, E2 = k2n2 Where k is
constant
Problem . An 8-pole, lap-wound armature has 1200
conductors and a flux per pole of 0.03Wb. Determine the
e.m.f. generated when running at 500 rev/min.
Problem . An 8-pole, lap-wound armature has 1200
conductors and a flux per pole of 0.03Wb. Determine the
e.m.f. generated when running at 500 rev/min.

Generated e.m.f., E (for a lap-wound machine) =

i.e. E = nZ = 300 volts

Problem . An 8-pole, lap-wound armature has 1200
conductors and a flux per pole of 0.03Wb. Determine the
e.m.f. generated when running at 500 rev/min.

Generated e.m.f., E (for a lap-wound machine) =

i.e. E = nZ = 300 volts

Determine the generated e.m.f. if the armature is

wave-wound.
Problem . An 8-pole, lap-wound armature has 1200
conductors and a flux per pole of 0.03Wb. Determine the
e.m.f. generated when running at 500 rev/min.

Determine the generated e.m.f. if the armature is

wave-wound.
D.C. generators

D.C. generators are classified according to the method

of their field excitation. These groupings are:
D.C. generators

D.C. generators are classified according to the method

of their field excitation. These groupings are:
(i) Separately-excited generators, where the field
winding is connected to a source of supply other than
the armature of its own machine.
D.C. generators

D.C. generators are classified according to the method

of their field excitation. These groupings are:
(i) Separately-excited generators, where the field
winding is connected to a source of supply other than
the armature of its own machine.
(ii) Self-excited generators, where the field winding
receives its supply from the armature of its own
machine, and which are sub-divided into
(a) shunt,
(b) series, and
(c) compound wound generators.
(a) Separately-excited generator

terminal voltage, V=E

IaRa
or generated e.m.f., E = V +
IaRa

Problem Determine the terminal voltage of a generator

which develops an e.m.f. of 200V andhas an armature
current of 30A on load. Assume the armature resistance
is 0.30.
(a) Separately-excited generator

terminal voltage, V=E

IaRa
or generated e.m.f., E = V +
IaRa

Problem Determine the terminal voltage of a generator

which develops an e.m.f. of 200V andhas an armature
current of 30A on load. Assume the armature resistance
is 0.30.
V = E IaRa = 200 (30)(0.30) = 200 9
Characteristics of separately-excited
generator
The two principal generator characteristics
the generated voltage/field current
characteristics, called the open-circuit
characteristic
and the terminal voltage/ load current
characteristic, called the load characteristic
(b) Shunt wound generator
terminal voltage, V = EIaRa
or generated e.m.f., E = V +IaRa
Ia =If +I from Kirchhoffs current
law, where
Ia = armature current,
If =field current (=V/Rf ) and
I =load current.
Problem . A shunt generator supplies a 20kW load at
200V through cables of resistance, R= 100m. If the field
winding resistance,
Rf =50 and the armature resistance, Ra =40m ,
determine
(a) the terminal voltage, and (b) the e.m.f. generated in
the armature.
Problem . A shunt generator supplies a 20kW load at
200V through cables of resistance, R= 100m. If the field
winding resistance,
Rf =50 and the armature resistance, Ra =40m ,
determine
(a) the terminal voltage, and (b) the e.m.f. generated in
the armature.
 Load current, I =
=100A
Volt drop in the cables to
the load =IR=(100)
(100103)=10V.
Hence terminal
voltage,
(b) Armature current Ia =If +I
V=200+10=210
Field current, I = V/R = 210/50=4.2A volts.
f f
Hence Ia =If +I =4.2+100=104.2A
Generated e.m.f. E = V + IaRa
= 210 + (104.2)(40 103) = 210 + 4.168
Characteristics
E, is proportional to , so at constant speed ,=2n,E

Since If implies E If as shown in Fig a

The load characteristic is as shown in Fig.(b).
The shunt-wound generator is the type most used
in practice
but the load current must be limited to a value
that is well below the maximum value.
Typical applications are with battery charging
and motor car generators.
(c) Series-wound generator

The load characteristic is the terminal voltage/current

characteristic. The generated e.m.f. E, is proportional to
and at constant speed (=2n) is a constant. Thus E
.
These are rarely used in practice, used as a booster on
(d) Compound-wound generator
In the compound-wound generator two methods of
connection
are used, both having a mixture of shunt and
series winding
Fig. (a) shows what is termed a long shunt
compound generator, and Fig. (b) shows a short-
shunt compound generator. The latter is the most
generally used form of d.c. generator.
Problem . A short-shunt compound generator supplies
80A at 200V. If the field resistance, Rf =40, the series
resistance, RSe =0.02 and the armature resistance, Ra
=0.04, determine the e.m.f. generated.
Problem . A short-shunt compound generator supplies
80A at 200V. If the field resistance, Rf =40, the series
resistance, RSe =0.02 and the armature resistance, Ra
=0.04, determine the e.m.f.Voltgenerated.
drop in series winding=IR =(80)
Se
(0.02)
=
1.6V.
P.d. across the field winding =
p.d. across armature =V1 =200
+1.6=201.6V
Field current If = V1/Rf = 201.6/40= =
5.04A
Problem . A short-shunt compound generator supplies
80A at 200V. If the field resistance, Rf =40, the series
resistance, RSe =0.02 and the armature resistance, Ra
=0.04, determine the e.m.f.Voltgenerated.
drop in series winding=IR =(80)
Se
(0.02)
=
1.6V.
P.d. across the field winding =
p.d. across armature =V1 =200
+1.6=201.6V
Field current If = V1/Rf = 201.6/40= =
5.04A

Armature current, Ia =I +If

=80+5.04=85.04A
Characteristic
the magnetic flux produced by the series and shunt
fields are additive
Included in this group are over-compounded, level
compounded
and under-compounded machines
the degree of compounding obtained depending on the
number of turns of wire on the series winding
D.C. machine losses
(i) Copper loss, due to I2R heat losses in the armature
and field windings.
(ii) Iron (or core) loss, due to hysteresis and eddy
current losses in the armature. This loss can be reduced
by constructing the armature of silicon steel laminations
having a high resistivity and low hysteresis loss. At
constant speed, the iron loss is assumed constant.
(iii) Friction and windage losses, due to bearing and
brush contact friction and losses due to air resistance
against moving parts (called windage). At constant
speed, these losses are assumed to be constant.
(iv) Brush contact loss between the brushes and
Efficiency of a d.c. generator
efficiency, =(output power/input power)
100%

= (VI/VI + I2aRa + IfV + C) 100%

The efficiency of a generator is a maximum

when
the load is such that:
Ia2Ra = VIf + C
i.e. when the variable loss = the constant loss
Problem . A 10kW shunt generator having an armature
circuit resistance of 0.75 and a field resistance of 125,
generates a terminal voltage of 250V at full load.
Determine the efficiency of the generator at full load,
assuming the iron, friction and windage losses amount
to 600W.
D.C. motors
The construction of a d.c. motor is the same as a d.c.
generator
Back e.m.f.
When a d.c. motor rotates, an e.m.f. is induced in the
armature conductors. That opposes the supply voltage

V = E + IaRa or E = V IaRa

Problem . A d.c. motor operates from a 240V supply.

The armature resistance is 0.2. Determine the back
e.m.f. when the armature current is 50A.
D.C. motors
The construction of a d.c. motor is the same as a d.c.
generator
Back e.m.f.
V = E + IaRa or E = V IaRa

Problem . A d.c. motor operates from a 240V supply.

The armature resistance is 0.2. Determine the back
e.m.f. when the armature current is 50A.
The armature of a d.c. machine has a resistance
of 0.25 and is connected to a 300V supply.
Calculate the e.m.f. generated when it is
running: (a) as a generator giving 100A , and (b)
as
a motor taking 80A.
The armature of a d.c. machine has a resistance
of 0.25 and is connected to a 300V supply.
Calculate the e.m.f. generated when it is
running: (a) as a generator giving 100A , and (b)
as
(a) As a generator,
a motor taking 80A.
generated e.m.f.,
E = V + IaRa,
= 300 + (100)(0.25)
= 300 + 25
= 325volts
The armature of a d.c. machine has a resistance
of 0.25 and is connected to a 300V supply.
Calculate the e.m.f. generated when it is
running: (a) as a generator giving 100A , and (b)
as
(a) As a generator,
a motor taking 80A. (b) As a motor, generated
generated e.m.f.,
e.m.f. (or back e.m.f.),
E = V + IaRa,
E = V IaRa,
= 300 + (100)(0.25)
= 300 (80)(0.25)
= 300 + 25
= 280 volts
= 325volts