Hendra Wijaya

Esa unggul University

TRANSPORT OF ACETYL-COA INTO THE CYTOSOL
 TRANSPORT OF ACETYL-COA INTO THE CYTOSOL

Acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondrion

Mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA enters the cytosol in the form of citrate
Processing of malate to pyruvate generates NADPH for fatty acid
biosynthesis
OVERVIEW OF FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID

SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID

MOVIE
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase reaction
 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase reaction

Irreversible reaction that is the committed step in fatty acid

synthesis
Biotin-dependent
Mechanism similar to that of pyruvate carboxylase
Subject to allosteric and hormonal control
Stimulated by citrate, inhibited by long-chain fatty acids
Phosphorylation, which inhibits enzyme activity, is
promoted by glucagon and reversed by insulin
Intermediates in Fatty Acid Synthesis are Linked to
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
 REACTION SEQUENCE FOR FATTY ACID
BIOSYNTHESIS

Intermediates attached to the sulfhydryl terminus of a

phosphopantetheine group
Phosphopantetheine linked to Ser hydroxyl of ACP, while
attached to AMP in CoA
ACP can be considered a big CoA molecule
Individual enzymes in bacteria, enzyme complex in eukaryotes
Condensation of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA driven by
decarboxylation
Stereochemistry and reducing agent are different between
synthesis and degradation
In subsequent round of elongation, butyryl thioester
condenses with malonyl-ACP after transfer to condensing
enzyme
Elongation cycles continue until palmitoyl(C16)-ACP is formed,
which is hydrolyzed to give palmitate and ACP
 STOICHIOMETRY OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS

Stoichiometry of palmitate synthesis:

Acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADPH + 14H+
palmitate + 7CO2 + 14NADP+ + 8CoA + 6H2O
Malonyl-CoA synthesis:
7 Acetyl-CoA + 7CO2 + 7ATP
7 malonyl-CoA + 7ADP + 7Pi + 7H+
Overall stoichiometry of palmitate synthesis:
8 Acetyl-CoA + 14 NADPH + 7ATP + 7H+
palmitate + 14NADP+ + 8CoA + 6H2O + 7ADP + 7Pi
 FATTY ACID ELONGATION

In eukaryotes, elongation occurs in both mitochondria and the

endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the ER system has much higher
activity
Reactions occur on separate enzymes rather than in a complex
Fatty acid is elongated as its CoA derivative
Two carbon units are added sequentially the carboxyl end of
both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Malonyl-CoA is again the two-carbon donor
 FATTY ACID DESATURATION

NADH + H+ E-FAD Fe2+ Fe3+ Oleoyl-CoA + 2H2O

NAD
+
E-FADH2 Fe3+ Fe2+ Stearoyl-CoA + O2

NADH-cytochrome cytochrome b5 desaturase

b5 reductase

-O

O stearate
-O

O oleate
Double bonds are introduced into long-chain acyl-CoAs through an
electron-transfer process coupled to the reduction of molecular
oxygen
Reaction catalyzed by a complex of membrane-bound enzymes
Double bonds inserted such that the new double bond is three
carbons closer to the CoA group, and never beyond the C9 position
 ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID

The formation of D12 and D15 double bonds is not possible in

animals
Animals cannot synthesize linoleic acid (18:2D9,12), linolenic
acid (18:3D9,12,15), or arachidonic acid (20:4 D5,8,11,14), which are
used in the synthesis of eicosanoid hormones
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
These are called essential fatty acids because they are
essential lipid components that must be provided in the diet
 TRIACYLGLYCEROL (TG) SYNTHESIS

Generally synthesized from glycerol 3-phosphate, which is

produced by the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate
(DHAP)
Acylations performed with acyl-CoA and acyltransferases
Fatty acyl chain at C1 is usually saturated, fatty acyl chain at C2
is usually unsaturated
TG and phospholipid pathways generally diverge at
phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol
Diacylglycerol formed by phosphatase
Acyltransferase forms TG
CONFORMATIONAL MODEL OF (A) PHOSPHOLIPID
PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE AND (B) TRIACYLGLYCEROL
 GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS: Membrane

O O O

O O O
O R1 O R1 O R1
+
R2 O H O R2 O H O R2 O H O NH3
O P O + O P O O-
O P O +
NH3 N(CH3)3
O- O- O-
O
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phosphatidylcholine (PC) phosphatidylserine (PS)
Lesitin O
O O O
O
O O R1
O R1 O O
O R1 O R1 R2 O
R2 O H O R2 O H O O
OH OH R2 O H O
O P O O P OCH2CHCH2O P O
O P O
phosphatidyl- O- HO phosphatidyl- O- CHOH O- OH O-
inositol (PI) OH glycerol (PG)
CH2OH cardiolipin (CL)
OH

C1 substituents mostly saturated fatty acids, C2 substituents

mostly unsaturated fatty acids
PE, PG, and CL found in bacteria, eukaryotes contain all six
Phospholipases serve as digestive enzymes and as generators
of signal molecules
CTP: Citidene Tryphosphate
 Biosynthesis Of PhospatidylserineI:
CDP-Diacylglycerol Pathway
NH2
O
O N Sytosin
O
O O R1
O R1 N O
R2 O H O O
R2 O H CTP PPi O P O P O
2- O
OPO3
O- O- H H
phosphatidic acid CDP-diacylglycerol H H
OH H

serine

CMP

O
O
O R1
+
R2 O H O NH3
O P O O-
O-
O
phosphatidyl-
serine (PS)
CTP: Citidene Tryphosphate
 Biosynthesis Of Phospatidylcholine:
CDP-Choline & CDP-ethanolamine

NH2

N O
O O
ATP ADP O CTP PPi
+ O P O P O
HO + -O P O + (H3C)3N O
N(CH3)3 N(CH3)3 O- O- H H
O-
CDP-choline H H
choline phosphocholine OH H
1,2 diacylglycerol

CMP

O
O
O R1
R2 O H O
O P O +
N(CH3)3
O-
phosphatidlycholine (PC, lecithin)
PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS
03/01/17 36
 KETONE BODIES

Acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation enters

O O
the citric acid cycle when fat and
carbohydrate breakdown are balanced O-
Entry depends on oxaloacetate acetoacetate
Oxaloacetate consumed to form glucose
O
by gluconeogenesis in fasting, diabetes,
and starvation
In the absence of oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA is
converted to acetoacetate or D-- acetone
hydroxybutyrate through ketogenesis
Acetone is formed by the non-enzymatic OH O
decarboxylation of acetoacetate
Ketone bodies are important fuel molecules O-
D--hydroxybutyrate
OVERVIEW
 Formation of keton
bodies from acytil-CoA

1. Initial condensation
2. Ester condensation to
form HMG-CoA (also
precursor in cholesterol
biosynthesis)
3. Acetoacetate and acetyl-
CoA formed in a
mechanism similar to the
reverse of the citrate
synthase reaction
 Metabolic Conversion of Ketone Bodies to Acetyl-CoA S

Acetoacetate reduced to
hydroxybutyrate in an
NADH-dependent reaction
Acetoacetyl-CoA can be
cleaved by thiolase to give
2 acyl-CoA
The liver can supply
acetoacetate to other
tissues
SPHINGOLIPIDS

OH (CH2)12CH3
O

R2 N H
H
O X
sphingolipid
X=H ceramide
X = carbohydrate glycosphingolipid
X = phosphate ester sphingophospholipid

OH (CH2)12CH3
O

R2 N H O
H +
O P O
N(CH3)3
O-
sphingomyelin
SPHINGOLIPIDS
 SPHINGOLIPIDS

Backbone is ceramide rather than glycerol

Most sphingolipids contain carbohydrates as their head
group
Sphingolipids play important roles in nervous tissue
Sphingomyelin is an important component of the
myelin sheath
Gangliosides constitute 6% of the lipids in gray matter
SYNTHESIS OF CERAMIDA
 Toy-Sachs Disease: A Disorder of Ganglioside
Breakdown

ceramide
Gal Glc
ceramide
NAN
GalNAc Gal Glc
ganglioside GM3
NAN
+
ganglioside GM2
N-acetyl
Gangliosides are degraded inside galactosamine
lysosomes by the sequential removal of
terminal sugars
In Tay-Sachs disease, ganglioside GM2
accumulates because hexosaminidase
activity is absent
This ganglioside interferes with neuronal
function
Genetic recessive disease
 MEMBRANE LIPIDS

Have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic component

1,2-diacylglycerol or N-acetylsphingosine (ceramide) linked
to a polar head group
Hydrophobic acyl chains
Form bilayered membranes in aqueous media
Membranes are noncovalent, fluid assemblies
Membrane lipids synthesized predominantly on the
cytoplasmic face of the ER, then transported in vesicles to
their destinations

FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS VS
-OXIDATION