DAMPING

Vibration is everywhere. And where there is

vibration, there is damping.
SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
The simplest vibratory system can be
described by a single mass connected to a
spring (and possibly a dashpot). The mass
is allowed to travel only along the spring
elongation direction. Such systems are
called Single Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF)
systems and are shown in the following
figure,
Single Degree of
Freedom
A single degree of
freedom system is
the simplest
mechanical system
possible. It can move
by translation along
one direction only, or
can rotate about one
axis. The motion of a
single degree of
freedom system is a
sinusoid, having only
a singlefrequency
SINGLE DEGREE UNDAMPED
SYSTEMS
If there is no external force applied on
the system, , the system will
experience free vibration. Motion of
the system will be established by an
initial disturbance (i.e. initial
conditions).
Furthermore, if there is no resistance

or damping in the system, , the

oscillatory motion will continue forever
with a constant amplitude. Such a
system is termed undamped and is
shown in the following figure,
SINGLE DEGREE DAMPED SYSTEMS
Free vibration (no external force) of a
single degree-of-freedom system with
viscous damping can be illustrated
as,

Damping that produces a damping

force proportional to the mass's
velocity is commonly referred to as
"viscous damping", and is denoted
graphically by a dashpot.
Resonance
All objects will vibrate or oscillate at a certain frequency
called the natural frequency of the object, which
depends on various factors.
For example, a pendulum (or a child on a
swing) will move back and forth at a natural
frequency that depends only on its length.

Demo: Compare the Natural frequency of a

2-meter stick vs. a meter
stick..
The shorter the stick, the
higher the natural frequency
(same as buildings the taller a
building, the lower the natural
frequency.)

The period, T, (the reciprocal of

the frequency) is about 10
So, putting this all together when a
system is driven at its natural frequency
(forces applied in rhythm with the natural
frequency , the oscillations
INCREASE(AMPLITUDE). THIS is termed
RESONANCE
It is possible for an object to have more than one
natural
(or resonant) frequency. Usually the natural
frequency is the first harmonic (fundamental
frequency), but other harmonics can be produced
as well
Examples:
1. Buildings in the wind (or because Fundamental
Frequency
of anHigher
Harmonic
earthquake)
The top of the building is
free to move in the wind.
can
The vibrate at the
simplest thing more than 1 natural frequency.
Higher
building can do is sway
back and forth.
harmonics are possible. node
The bottom of the building
s
is fixed to the ground and
cannot move. It is
therefore a vibrational
node. Demo: with 2-meter
In the Mexico City earthquake of 1985,
according to the USGS, a large percentage of
the buildings which were damaged in Mexico
City were between 8 and 18 stories high.
WHY?
The frequency of the earthquake wave must
have been close to one of the NATURAL
FREQUENCIES of the buildings, producing
RESONANCE. In the USGSs own
words, this indicates
possible resonance
effects with dominant
two-second period
horizontal ground
accelerations which
were recorded in the
2. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge
(nicknamed Galloping Girtie)
collapsed in 1940
Wind caused the bridge to begin
vibrating at one of its natural
frequencies a torsional wave
developed . amplitude increased.
and the bridge eventually tore itself
apart.. Resonance in action!!
 Resonance
Resonance = frequency content of the ground
motion is close to building's natural frequency
tends to increase or amplify building response
building suffers the greatest damage from ground motion
at a frequency close or equal to its own natural frequency

Example: Mexico City earthquake of

September 19, 1985
majority of buildings that collapsed
were around 20 stories tall
natural period of around 2.0 seconds
other buildings, of different heights and
different natural frequencies, were
undamaged even though located right
next to damaged 20 story buildings
 Resonance
whenmotionatacertainfrequencyisamplified(increased)
bywavesofthatsamefrequency.
Damagetobuildingsduringearthquakesismost
likelytooccurwhenthefrequencyofthegrounds
shakingisthesameasthefrequencyatwhicha
buildingshakes.
(seismicwaves=buildingvibration)

Ageneralruleofthumbisthatabuildings
frequencyisabout10Hzdividedbythenumberof
floors.So,a30storybuildingwillbemost
sensitivetogroundshakingatafrequencyof
about0.3Hz.
Suppose the buildings vibrations look like
this:

If the earthquakes vibrations are at the

same frequency:

causing
much more
damage
sponse to earthquake
plains why different individual buildings respond differently to the same ground m

ommon terms and factors affecting shaking intensity at a given site are:
stance from epicenter
stance from focus
il at the site
rthquake magnitude
To summarize: the intensity of ground motion at a specific site,
caused by a specific earthquake , depends primarily on three
factors:

the distance between the source (also known as focus or

hypocenter) and the site,
the magnitude of the earthquake (amount of energy released),and
the type of soil or rock at the site. These
factors are illustrated in Figure,
More complex factors, such as

the type of faulting action,

the direction of propagation of the fault rupture, and
the frequency range of the waves, can increase or decrease the
severity
(intensity) of the local shaking.Consequently, actual ground
motion cannot be precisely
predicted.
However, based on the recorded motions of past earthquakes
obtained from instruments located both inside and outside
buildings, it is possible to estimate the probable maximum ground
motion given the values for the three factors. These estimates
form the basis for seismic design requirements contained in
modern building codes.
 Different individual buildings shaken by the same
earthquake respond differently.
Because the effects of earthquake ground shaking depend on the specific response
characteristics of the type of structural system used.

One important building characteristic is the fundamental period of vibration of the

building (measured in seconds).

The fundamental period of a building depends on

the stiffness of the structural system,
its mass, and
its total height.
Shape or configuration is another important characteristic that
affects building response.

Earthquake shaking of a simple rectangular building results in a

fairly uniform distribution of the forces throughout the building.

In a more complex T- or L-shaped building, forces concentrate

at the inside corners created by those shapes.

.
Similar problems arise when a building has floor or roof levels of
adjacent portions offset vertically (split levels), or
when the first story is taller or softer than the other stories.

Irregularly shaped buildings, are subject to special design rules because otherwise
they can suffer greater damage than regularly shaped buildings.
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA (HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL)

Definition :The reference model for the description of

earthquake motion at a point on the ground surface is
represented by an elastic ground acceleration response
spectrum, hereinafter called elastic response spectrum.
 Linear-Elastic Response

Linear-elastic response:
Hookes law: In the linear elastic portion of the response of
material one can model the response by Hookes law:

Hookes law for extension:

Hookes law for shear:

Where E is the elastic modulus (also known as Youngs modulus),

and G is the shear
modulus. The elastic and shear moduli are material constants
characterizing
the stiffness of the material.
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA (HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL)
The horizontal earthquake motion consists of two
independent perpendicular components, having the same
response spectrum.

In the absence of documented specific information, the

vertical component of earthquake ground motion shall be
represented through an elastic response spectrum different
from that of the horizontal components, as specified
hereinafter.

The elastic response spectrum is composed of a spectral

shape (normalized spectrum), assumed to be independent of
the level of seismic intensity, multiplied by the peak
horizontal ground acceleration (agS) applicable at the
construction site.
 Figure :Shape of elastic response
spectrum

absence of detailed experimental data, the values of TB, TC, TD and S for the
ntal components of motion and for the ground types
d in 2.5 given in Table 3.1 may be used. describing the S T T B T C D
horizontal
response
spectrum in
expressions
(3.2) Ground
type
A 1.0 0.15 0.40 2.0
B, C, E 1.25 0.15 0.50 2.0
D 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.0