Genetics: Mendels

Rules
and Laws
 Who is Gregor Father of
Mendel? Genetics
An Austrian Monk who founded key concepts of heredity
using pea plants!
Genetics and Heredity
Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parent to
offspring.
Heredity is the actual passing of traits from parent to
offspring.
Gene Expression
Genotype - Combination of alleles an organism has (actual gene
makeup).
Phenotype Ex: allele types
- Physical TT, Tt, ttresulting from gene
appearance
makeup.
Ex: hitchhikers thumb or straight thumb
Chromosomes, Genes, and Alleles

Alleles are different genes (possibilities) for the same trait.

Ex: pink flowers or white flowers

Traits are genetically determined features and

characteristics.
Ex. hair color, eye color and height
The Rule of Dominance
The Rule of Dominance states that in a heterozygous
individual, one trait will mask the presence of another trait of
the same characteristic.

When Mendel crossed Tall and short pea plants, only one trait was
expressed- Tall. In such crosses, Mendel called the expressed trait
Dominant and the trait that was hidden Recessive.
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Dominant- Allele that is always expressed when
present and masks the recessive version
Dominant allele- uppercase letter- T
Recessive- Allele that is not expressed unless two copies
are present
Recessive allele- lowercase letter - t

Dominant Recessive
color color
Homozygous vs Heterozygous
Homozygous or purebred: Both alleles of a pair are the same:
TT - homozygous
dominant
tt - homozygous recessive
Heterozygous or hybrid: One dominant and one recessive
allele:
Tt - heterozygous

BB -
Bb -
black
Black w/ bb -
white White
gene
Practice:
What are the different genotypes shown
below?
What are the different phenotypes
shown below?
What are the homozygous
dominant traits?

What are the homozygous

recessive traits?
What are the heterozygous
traits?
 Dominant and Recessive Genes
Example: Straight thumb is dominant to
hitchhikers thumb
T= straight thumb t = hitchhikers thumb
Always use the same letter for the same alleles

No S = straight, h = hitchhikers)

Straight thumb =
TT
Straight thumb = Tt
Hitchhikers thumb =
tt

* Must have 2 recessive alleles for a recessive trait to show

STOP
Genetics: Mendels
Rules
and Laws
Punnett squares and Probability
Punnett Squares are used to predict the possible gene
makeup of offspring.
The probability of each genotype and phenotype can be
calculated with this information.

A monohybrid cross
looks at one specific
trait at a time.

* Must have 2
recessive alleles for a
recessive trait to
 R= round
pea
Male X Female r=wrinkly
pea
Female gametes
(One allele in
Rr X rr egg)
r r
Male
R
Rr Rr Possible
gametes Offspring
(One allele
in r
sperm)
rr rr
 Rr X r r
rr R Rr Rr
r
rr rr
Genotypic = 0 :2 :2 Write the ratios in the following
ratio R RR Rr
0% : 50%rrRr : orders:
R Genotypic ratio
50% rr
homozygous : heterozygous :
homozygous
Phenotypic =roun
2 wrink
:2 dominant recessive
ratio d50% round
ly : 50% Phenotypic ratio
Cross 2 hybrid black mice for fur color. Black fur (B) is
dominant to white fur (b) in mice.
B b
Bb X Bb
B BB Bb

b
Bb bb
typic = : : typic =
Geno 1 2 1 Phen 3 1
: o
Ratio 25%BB Bb Bbbb
BB: 50% : 25% bb black white
ratio 75%
A man who is homozygous dominant for eye color
and a blue-eyed woman have a baby. Brown eyes (B)
is dominant to blue eyes (b).
b b
Man =BB Bb Bb
B
bb
Woman =
B Bb Bb
typic = : : typic =
Geno 0 4 0 Phen 4 0 blue
:
0%BBBB :Bb Bb : 0%obb
100%bb brown
100%
STOP
Genetics: Mendels
Rules
and Laws
Mendels F1 and F2 Generations
The Law of Independent
Assortment
The Law of Independent Assortment - Inheritance of one trait
has no effect on the inheritance of another trait.

The gene for brown eye

color is not inherited
together with the gene for
black hair color.
The Law of Segregation
The Law of Segregation states that when an organism makes
gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is
selected randomly.
(Think
meiosis!)
B b Heterozygous parent

Segregation of alleles into
50%
probability
gametes

B b Gametes