SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN

BIOTEKNOLOGI
Tina Dewi Rosahdi
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WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
Teknologi yang menggunakan sistem
hayati (proses-proses biologi) untuk
mendapatkan barang dan jasa yang
berguna bagi kesejahteraan manusia
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Biotechnology = bios (life) + logos (study of or essence)

Literally the study of tools from living things

CLASSIC: The word "biotechnology" was first used in 1917

to describe processes using living organisms to make a
product or run a process, such as industrial fermentations. (
Robert Bud, The Uses of Life: A History of Biotechnology)

LAYMAN: Biotechnology began when humans began to

plant their own crops, domesticate animals, ferment juice
into wine, make cheese, and leaven bread (AccesExcellence
)
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GENENTECH: Biotechnology is the process of harnessing

'nature's own' biochemical tools to make possible new
products and processes and provide solutions to society's ills
(G. Kirk Raab, Former President and CEO of Genentech)

WEBSTERS: The aspect of technology concerned with the

application of living organisms to meet the needs and ends of
man.
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WALL STREET: Biotechnology is the application of genetic

engineering and DNA technology to produce therapeutic and
medical diagnostic products and processes. Biotech
companies have one thing in common - the use of genetic
engineering and manipulation of organisms at a molecular
level.

Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new

products or new forms of organisms

Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from

those organisms or substances from those organisms to make
or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to
develop microorganisms for specific uses
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Bioteknologi merupakan multi disiplin ilmu yang

memerlukan dukungan dari ilmu lain, yaitu:
Keahlian Teknik
Ilmu komputer
Biologi sel dan molekular
Mikrobiologi
Genetika
Fisiologi
Biokimia
Immunologi
Virologi
Teknologi DNA Rekombinan manipulasi genetik pada
bakteri,virus, fungi, tanaman, dan hewan,
untukmengembangkan produk tertentu.
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WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF

BIOTECHNOLOGY?
Ancient Biotechnology
early history as related to food and shelter, including
domestication
Classical Biotechnology
built on ancient biotechnology
fermentation promoted food production
medicine
Modern Biotechnology
manipulates genetic information in organism
genetic engineering
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SEJARAH
Minuman alkohol anggur 1857 Pasteur menemukan
bahwa fermentasi merupakan
(pengawetan daging)
proses yang dilakukan oleh
Khamir roti organisme hidup
Keju
1920 fermentasi aseton,
Yogurt etanol, butanol, gliserin
Susu masam
PD II Penicillium natatum
kecap
Antibiotik
Vitamin, steroid,
enzim
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BIOTECHNOLOGY TIMELINE
1750 BC The Sumerians brew beer.
500 BC Chinese use moldy soybean
curds as an antibiotic to treat boils
1590 Janssen invents the microscope

1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers cells

(bacteria, red blood cells)
1830 Proteins are discovered
1833 The first enzymes are isolated
1855 The Eschirium coli bacterium is discovered
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1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the

Origin of Species

1864 Louis Pasteur shows all living things are

produced by other living things

1865 The age of genetics begins

1902 Walter Sutton coins the term gene

proposed that chromosomes carry genes
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1910 Chromosomal theory of

inheritance proved

1928 Fleming discovers antibiotic

properties of certain molds

1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum propose

that one gene makes one protein
1949 Sickle cell anaemia demonstrated to be
molecular disease
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1952 The Waring Blender

experiment

1953 The double helix is unravelled

1967 The genetic code is cracked

1973 Recombinant DNA technology begins

1975 First international conference on

recombinant DNA technology
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1975 DNA sequencing discovered

1975 Monoclonal antibody technology introduced

1978 Genentech Inc. established

1978 Genentech use genetic engineering to

produce human insulin in E.coli - 1980 IPO of
$89
1978 Kary Mullis discovers PCR
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1989 The Human Genome Project begins

1990 First use of gene therapy

1990 First product of recombinant DNA technology

introduced into US food chain

1993 FDA announces that transgenic food is safe

1994 The FLAVRSAVR tomato

-first genetically engineered
whole food
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1996 First mammal cloned from adult

cells

1990 First conviction using genetic fingerprinting

1996 Development of Affymetrix GeneChip

1997 First artificial chromosome

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1998 Human embryonic stem cells

grown

1999 Celera announces completion of

Drosophilia genome sequence

2000 90% of Human Genome

sequence published on web

2001 Human genome project

complete
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Bioteknologi tradisional :
Seleksi bahan, mikrobia yang digunakan dan
modifikasi lingkungan untuk memperoleh produk
optimal.
Misal : pembuatan tempe, tape, roti, pengomposan
sampah
Bioteknologi modern :
Memanfaatkan ketrampilan manusia dalam
melakukan manipulasi makhluk hidup agar dapat
digunakan untuk menghasilkan suatu barang yang
diinginkan. Misal rekayasa genetik
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Rekayasa genetik :
Teknik untuk menghasilkan molekul DNA yang berisi
gen baru yang diinginkan atau kombinasi gen-gen
baru atau dapat dikatakan sebagai manipulasi
organisme

Bioteknologi merupakan penerapan prinsip ilmiah dan

rekayasa pengolahan bahan oleh agen biologi untuk
menyediakan barang dan jasa
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WHAT ARE THE AREAS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY?

Bioteknologi Organisme
Menggunakan organisme utuh dan tidak mengubah
materi genetik
Bioteknologi Molekular
Mengubah genetik untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu
Organisme Transgenik : organisme dengan materi
genetik yang diubah secara artifisial
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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF

BIOTECHNOLOGY?
Obat
Lingkungan
Pertanian
Produk makanan
Industri atau Pabrik
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WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS

OF BIOTECHNOLOGY?
Produksi hasil panen/makanan baru, zat-zat kimia,
farmasi dan peternakan
Diagnosa untuk mendeteksi penyakit genetik
Terapi gen
Pengembangan vaksin atau vaksin rekombinan
Restorasi lingkungan
Mencegah adanya spesies berbahaya
Konservasi biologi
Bioremediasi
Aplikasi forensik
Makanan olahan (keju, beer)
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Hasil-hasil rekayasa genetika tanaman

yang digambarkan dalam National Enquier,
c. 1981.
 Transfer of new Anti-cancer drugs
Culture of plants
genes into animal from single cells Diagnostics
organisms

Cell Monoclonal
Culture Antibodies
Crime solving
Molecular
Biology

DNA Tracers
technology Genetic
Engineering
Synthesis of
Banks of Cloning specific DNA
DNA, RNA Synthesis
probes
and proteins of new Mass prodn. of
proteins human proteins
Complete Localisation of
New types of Resource bank
map of the genetic disorders
plants and for rare human
human
animals chemicals
genome
New
New types antibiotics
of food Gene therapy
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DISCUSSION
What is the societal impression of biotechnology?
What are the negative impacts that biotechnology may have?
What are the potential ethical issues associated with
biotechnology?
Why are biotechnology companies targeted by anti-
globalisation protesters?
How can the image of biotechnology to the public be
improved? Should it be improved?
What are the potential dangers of biotechnology?
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SELAMAT MENGERJAKAN
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