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Introduction to Logic

Why are you late?


A king moves one square in any direction. Because Im not early.
But, Solomon is a king.
Therefore, Solomon moves one square in any
direction.

Driver: Sir, do we turn l


God sees through everything. Passenger: Right.
God sees through bathroom walls.
God sees through bathrobes.

Recycle clothes and waste paper

The following statement is


Mr. Marcos is a billionaire.
The preceding statement is
Mr. Marcos is a Filipino.
Therefore, All Filipinos are billionaires.

Lost: the dog of a lady with a long tail

We have to be generous to others. Therefore,


during examinations we have to share pur
answers with our seatmate to show that we
Logic is ...
the study of the methods and
principles used to distinguish
correct from incorrect reasoning.

the science and art of valid


inferential reasoning
Logic is..
only concerned with the
correctness or the validity of
reasoning (and not about truth)

solely interested in the logical


necessity (consequential relation)
existing between the premises and
the conclusion
Logic...
Reasoning is valid if and when the conclusion
is necessarily inferred from the premises.

(If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z)


X or W
Therefore, Y or Z

*logic is interested in the form of reasoning, its


validity or correctness, irrespective of whether
or not the premises of this reasoning agree
with the facts.
Validity
Definition of Logic
Etymological -> logike (gk.)
treatise on matters pertaining to
thought (by Zeno of Elea)

Real -> the science and art of valid


inferential reasoning
Definition of Logic
Logic is a science -> in as much as it
follows certain scientific laws, patterns
and principles in arriving at valid
reasoning

Logic is an art -> in as much as the


mastery of its technique enables the
mind to reason out in an easy, orderly
and safe manner
Object of study
Formal object-> inferential functions of
concepts and propositions or logical
relations of propositions (rules of eduction
and syllogism, truth tables and validity)

Material object -> concepts and


conceptual structures (terms,
propositions, syllogisms, informal
fallacies, symbols)
Formal and Material Logic
Formal Logic discusses the conceptual
patterns or structures needed for inference
(main concern is validity and correctness of
reasoning)

Material Logic discusses the kind of matter,


that is the nature of terms and premises that
are used in the different kinds of demonstration
given in the latter part of logic (its concern
involves truth, correspondence to facts)
Importance of Studying
Logic
It helps one to reason out validly
It makes us more critical and analytical
It helps us think systematically
It helps us detect fallacies and errors in
reasoning
It helps us to distinguish valid from invalid
reasoning
It enables us to persuade people
It develops in us self-confidence
Divisions of Logic and Acts of the
Intellect
Acts of the Mental External Sign Logical Issue
Intellect Product
Simple Idea (s) Term (s) Predicability
Apprehension In English (Clarity)
grammar:
Nouns
Judgment Enunciation Proposition Predication
In English (Veracity)
grammar:
Declarative
sentences
Reasoning Argumentation Syllogism Inference
In English (Validity)
grammar:
paragraphs.
Three Acts of the Intellect
1. Simple Apprehension the first act of
the intellect wherein the mind mentally
grasps a thing without affirming or
denying anything about it.

Product: idea
External Sign: term
Example: book, everybody, conventional
Three Acts of the Intellect
2. Judgment the second act of the
intellect wherein we join two understood
terms obtained in simple apprehension by
affirmation or decompose the two terms
by negation.

Product: Enunciation
External Sign: Proposition
Panda is a meat eater.
Some musicians are also painters.
Three Acts of the Intellect
3. Reasoning is the third act of the
intellect wherein we draw a conclusion
from a given set of validly joined premises.

Product: Argumentation
External Sign: Syllogism
Example: A square is a four sided polygon.

But a circle is not a four sided polygon.


Therefore, a circle is not a square.
11.) The object of logic that speaks of inferential
functions of concepts and propositions or logical
relations of propositions.
12.) The object of logic that speaks of the concepts
themselves (terms) and conceptual structures.
13.) The act of the intellect wherein we draw a
conclusion from a given set of validly joined
premises.
14.) The act of the intellect wherein the mind
mentally grasps a thing without affirming or
denying anything about it.
15.) The act of the intellect wherein we join two
understood terms obtained in another act of
intellect by affirmation or decompose the two terms
by negation.
16.) The logical (external) expression of the mental
product of the first act of the mind.
17.) The logical (external) expression of the mental
product of the second act of the mind.
18.) The logical (external) expression of the mental
product of the third act of the mind.
19.) The mental product of the third act of the
mind.
20.) The mental product of the second act of the
mind.
21.) The mental product of the first act of the mind.
22.) The logical issue of/in the first act of the mind.
23.) The logical issue of/in the second act of the
mind.
24.) The logical issue of/in the third act of the mind.
25.) It is the science of all things by their ultimate
causes and principles known by human reason
alone.

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