EFFECTIVE ROERTY MODELS FOR HOMOGENEOUS

TWO-PHASE FLLOWS
By
V.N.V.HARINI
Regd.No.314207036018

Under the Guidance of

Prof. T. SUBRAHMANYAM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A.U.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(A)
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
VISAKHAPATNAM-530003
 CONTENTS
Abstract

Introduction

Literature Review

Model Calculation

Results

Conclusion

Future Scope

References
 ABSTRACT
Using an analogy between thermal conductivity of porous media and viscosity in two-phase
flow, relations for two-phase viscosity are proposed. These relations satisfy the following two
conditions: namely (i) the two-phase viscosity is equal to the liquid viscosity at the mass quality
= 0% and (ii) the two-phase viscosity is equal to the gas viscosity at the mass quality = 100%.
These new definitions can be used to compute the two-phase frictional pressure gradient using
the homogeneous modeling approach. These models are assessed using published experimental
data of two-phase frictional pressure gradient in circular pipes, mini channels and micro
channels in the form of Fanning friction factor (f m) versus Reynolds number (Rem). The
published data include different working fluids such as R-12, R-22, R134a, and propane (R290)
at different diameters and different saturation temperatures. Models are assessed on the basis
minimizing the root mean square error (eRMS). It is shown that these relations of two-phase
viscosity can be used to analyze the experimental data of two-phase frictional pressure gradient
in circular pipes, mini channels and micro channels using simple friction models.
 INTRODUCTION

TWO-PHASE FLOWS:

In internal convective vaporization and condensation process, the vapor and liquid are in

simultaneous motion inside the channel or pipe. The resulting two phase flow generally more

complicated physically than single phase flow.

HOMOGENEOUS TWO-PHASE FLOW:

The homogeneous flow model provides the simplest technique for analyzing two-phase (or

multiphase) flows. In the homogeneous model, both liquid and vapor phases move at the same velocity

(slip ratio = 1). Consequently, the homogeneous model has also been called the zero slip model.
 The homogeneous model considers the two-phase flow as a single-phase flow having
average fluid properties, which depend upon mixture quality. Thus, the frictional pressure
drop is calculated by assuming a constant friction coefficient between the inlet and outlet
sections of the pipe.
The void fraction based on the homogeneous model (m) can be expressed as follows.

For the homogeneous model, the density of two-phase gasliquid flow (m) can be
expressed as follows:
 For the homogeneous model, the density of two-phase gasliquid flow (m) can be expressed as
follows:

McAdams et al introduced the definition of two-phase viscosity (m) based on the mass averaged
value of reciprocals as follows:

Cicchitti et al introduced the definition of two-phase viscosity (m) based on the mass averaged
value as follows:

 Maxwell Eucken-1 introduced the definition of two-phase viscosity (m) based on the mass
averaged value of reciprocals as follows:

Maxwell Eucken-1 introduced the definition of two-phase viscosity (m) based on the mass
averaged value of reciprocals as follows:

R.Launder et al introduced the definition of two-phase viscosity (m) based on the mass
averaged value of reciprocals as follows:

 Many other relations of two phase viscosity are proposed like Dukler et al, Beattie and Whalley,
Lin et al, Fourar and Bories , Davidson et al, Owens, Garcia et al. But the main disadvantage for the
various forms of m is that they are not accurate as the mass quality (x) approaches 1.
According to Blassius Fanning Friction Factor for circular pipes can be predicted by the
expression:
0.079
fm 0.25 ; Re m 4000
Re m

According to Churchill Fanning Friction Factor for mini and micro channels can be predicted
by the expression:



For the experimental values Fanning Friction Factor is measured using expression:

To satisfy the assessment btween Experimental data and well known friction factor
models is based on the definition that corresponding to the minimum the root mean square
error.
The frictional error (e) in applying the model to each available data point is defined as:

For groups of data, the root mean square error is defined as:

1/2
1 N
2
eRMS ek
N k 1
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Experiments with refrigerant two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe and data on flow pattern is done
by Kenichi Hashizum [1942] , void fraction and pressure drop have been obtained. Refrigerants
used were R12 and R22, and the range of saturation pressure was from 5.7 to 19.6 bars. The
experimental equipment and procedure are described in detail, and the data are both tabulated and
presented graphically.

Two-phase flow pressure drop measurements were made during a phase-change heat transfer

process with three refrigerants (R- 134a, R-12, and R-113) at six different pressures ranging from

138 to 856 kPa and in two sizes of round tubes (2.46 and 2.92 mm inside dia) and one rectangular

channel (4.06 x 1.7 mm) was done by T.N.Tran et al [1999]. The data were used to develop a new

correlation for two-phase pressure drop during flow boiling in small channels. The correlation was

then tested against the experimental data for the three refrigerants and the error was +20%.
 The adiabatic pressure drop of two-phase refrigerant flow in small channels was investigated by
Brandon S. Field et al [2007]. A rectangular channel with dh = 148.0 m has been tested with four
refrigerants: R134a, R410A, propane (R290), and ammonia (R717). The measured pressure drops
have been compared to many published separated-flow and homogeneous pressure drop models. A
new correlation for C, the Chisholm parameter, has been developed based on the Reynolds number
of the vapor phase and the dimensionless grouping a ratio of viscous to surface tension
A single equation that correlates the fluid-flow friction factor with all Reynolds numbers and all
pipe-roughness ratios is derived by Stuart W.Churchill [1977]. It has been constructed from
theoretical and correlating equations for the laminar, transition, and fully developed turbulent
regimes of flow, using a general model developed by Churchill and Usagi. This equation not only
reproduces the friction-factor plot but also avoids interpolation and provides unique values in the
transition region. These values are subject to some uncertainty, because of the physical instability
inherent in this region.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

0.8
(l/g=1)
Void fraction
0.6 ( l/g=10)

0.4
( l/g =100)

0.2 ( l/g=1000)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Mass quality

Variation of Void Fraction for different Density Ratios

 1 Mc Adams
0.9
Chicchitti
0.8
0.7 Maxwell-1
viscosity
0.6 ratio
0.5 Maxwell-2
0.4
0.3
R.Launder
0.2
Avg of Maxwell
0.1 1&2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Mass quality

Variation of Viscosity Ratio according to different Relations

 0.01

Blassius
Friction factor Hashizume
(R12)

0
10000 100000

Reynolds number

Variation of Friction Factor using Mc Adams et al relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.01

Blassius
friction factor Hashizume
(R12)
Hashizume
(R22)

0
6000 60000 600000

Reynolds number

Variation of Friction Factor using Cicchitti et al relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.01

Friction Factor Blassius

Hashizume (R12)
Hashizume (R22)

0
8000 80000

Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Maxwell Eucken-1 relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.01

Friction factor
Blasius
Hashizume (R12)
Hashizume (R22)

0
6000 60000 600000
Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Maxwell Eucken-2 relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.01

Friction factor
Blasius
Hashizume (R12)
Hashizume (R22)

0
8000 80000 800000

Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using R.Launder relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.01

Friction factor
Blasius
Hashizume (R12)
Hashizume (R22)

0
8000 80000 800000

Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Arithmetic Mean of Maxwell Eucken 1&2 of two-phase
viscosity
 1600 1600

1200 1200

Mc Adams et al
Cicchitti et al
dp/dz)f,Predicted 800 800 Maxwell Eucken-1
Maxwell Eucken-2
R.Launder et al
400 400 Mean of Maxwell
1&2
30%
-30%
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0%

dp/dz)f,Available

Comparison Predicted Frictional Pressure Gradient with Available Frictional Pressure Gradient
 0.1

0.01
Friction factor Churchill
Tran et al

0
500 5000 50000

Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Mc Adams et al relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.1

Friction Factor churchill

0.01 Tran et al
Field & Hrnjak

0
500 5000

Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Cicchitti et al relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.1

Friction Factor

0.01
Churchill
Tran et al

0
500 5000 50000

Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Maxwell Eucken-1 relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.1

Churchill
0.01 Tran et al
Friction Factor
Feild & Hrnjak

0
500 5000 50000
Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Maxwell Eucken-2 relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.1

Churchill
0.01 Tran et al
Friction Factor
Field & Hrnjak

0
500 5000 50000
Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using R.Launder et al relation of two-phase viscosity

 0.1

Churchill
0.01 Tran et al
Friction Factor
Field & Hrnjak

0
500 5000 50000
Reynolds Number

Variation of Friction Factor using Arithmetic Mean of Maxwell Eucken 1&2 relation of two-phase
viscosity
 1200000

0%
30%
800000
-30%
dp/dz(predicted)
McAdams et al
Cicchitti et al
400000 Maxwell Eucken-1
Maxwell Eucken-2
R.Launder et al
Mean of Maxwell 1&2
0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000

dp/dz(Available)

Camparison of Predicted Frictional Pressure Gradient with Available Frictional Pressure Gradient
Root mean square error values based on Measured fanning friction factor and Predicted
fanning friction factor in circular pipes.

Relation
eRMS (%)
Mc Adams et al 20.63
Cicchitti et al 15.18
Maxwell Eucken-1 19.02
Maxwell Eucken-2 17
R.Launder et al 14.84
Arth Mean of Maxwell 1&2 15.07
 Root mean square error values based on Measured fanning friction factor and Predicted
fanning friction factor in Mini channels and Micro channels.

Relation e RMS (%)

Mc Adams et al 28.9
Cicchitti et al 35.32
Maxwell Eucken-1 33.49
Maxwell Eucken-2 18.26
R.Launder et al 29.4
Arth Mean of Maxwell 26.73
1&2
 CONCLUSION
In this using the analogy between thermal conductivity in porous media and viscosity in two-
phase flow, different relations for two phase viscosity are given. These relations for two-phase
viscosity satisfy the following two conditions: namely (i) m = l at x = 0 and (ii) m = g at x = 1.
These relations of two-phase viscosity can be used to compute the two-phase frictional pressure
gradient using a homogeneous modelling approach.

Expressing two-phase frictional pressure gradient in dimensionless form as Fanning friction

factor versus Reynolds number is also desirable in many applications.
 The models are verified using published experimental data of two-phase frictional pressure
gradient in circular pipes, mini channels and micro channels after expressing it in a
dimensionless form as Fanning friction factor versus Reynolds number. The published data
include different working fluids such as R-12, R-22, R134a, and Propane (R290) at different
diameters and different saturation temperatures
To satisfy a good agreement between the experimental data and
well-known friction factor models such as the Blasius equation and
the Churchill model, selection of the best definition of two-phase
viscosity is based on the definition that corresponds to the
minimization of the root mean square error (eRMS).
 From eRMS% values based on measured Fanning friction factor and predicted Fanning
friction factor using the six different relations of two-phase viscosity, it is shown that the new
relations of two-phase viscosity gives the best agreement between the experimental data and
well known friction factor models in circular pipes, mini channels and micro channels.
In circular pipes for two-phase flow of Refrigerants R12 and R22
Friction factor is calculated using Blassius[22] relation and
compared with the experiment values done by Hashizume [17].
Minimum eRMS% is given by the relation R.Launder et al [13] of two
phase viscosity.
 In Mini Channels and Micro Channels for two-phase flow of Refrigerants R134a and R290
Friction factor is calculated using Churchill [16] relation and compared with the experiment
values done by Tran et al [19] and Field et al [21] of respective Refrigerants. Minimum eRMS
% is given by the relation Maxwell Eucken-2 [12] of two phase viscosity.
As a result, the new relation of two-phase viscosity can be used to analyze the
experimental data of two-phase frictional pressure gradient in circular pipes, mini
channels and micro channels using the homogeneous model.

FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK:

In this study only few refrigerants are taken, we can also study more refrigerants two phase
flow in nano channels by taking another new relations of two phase viscosity.
 K. Hashizume, Flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop of refrigerant two-phase flow in a
horizontal pipe. Part I: experimental data, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 9 (4) (1983) 399410.

T.N. Tran, M.-C. Chyu, M.W. Wambsganss, D.M. France, Two-phase pressure drop of
refrigerants during flow boiling in small channels: an experimental investigation and correlation
development, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 26 (11) (2000) 17391754.

B.S. Field, P. Hrnjak, 2007, Adiabatic two-phase pressure drop of refrigerants in small channels,
Heat Transf. Eng. 28 (89) (2007) 704712.
 W.H. McAdams, W.K. Woods, L.C. Heroman, Vaporization inside horizontal tubes
II-benzene-oil mixtures, Trans. ASME 64 (3) (1942) 193200.

A. Cicchitti, C. Lombaradi, M. Silversti, G. Soldaini, R. Zavattarlli, Two-phase cooling

experiments pressure drop heat transfer burnout measurements, Energia Nucleare 7 (6)
(1960) 407425.

R. Landauer, The electrical resistance of binary metallic mixtures, J. Appl. Phys.23 (1952)
779784.

S.W. Churchill, Friction factor equation spans all fluid flow regimes, Chem. Eng. 84 (24)
(1977) 9192.
THANK YOU