What is hydrology? What is hydraulics? Hydrology deals with waters of the earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction with their environment, including their relation to living things. It deals with the various phases of the hydrologic cycle. Hydraulics branch of science which treats water or other fluids in motion. What is the importance of hydrology to civil engineers? Importance of hydrology to civil engineers Hydrological data one of the factors to be considered in the planning and design of a project. - depth of rainfall - stage of flooding in a river - volume of water a river can provide What is the scope of hydrology? The study of hydrology helps us to know: (i) the maximum probable flood that may occur at a given site and its frequency; this is required for the safe design of drains and culverts, dams and reservoirs, channels and other flood control structures. (ii) the water yield from a basinits occurrence, quantity and frequency, etc; this is necessary for the design of dams, municipal water supply, water power, river navigation, etc. (iii) the ground water development for which a knowledge of the hydrogeology of the area, i.e., of the formation soil, recharge facilities like streams and reservoirs, rainfall pattern, climate, cropping pattern, etc. are required. (iv) the maximum intensity of storm and its frequency for the design of a drainage project in the area. Hydrological Data For the analysis and design of any hydrologic project adequate data and length of records are necessary. A hydrologist is often posed with lack of adequate data. The basic hydrological data required are: (i) Climatological data (ii) Hydro meteorological data like temperature, wind velocity, humidity, etc. (iii) Precipitation records (iv) Stream-flow records (v) Seasonal fluctuation of ground water table or piezometric heads (vi) Evaporation data (vii) Cropping pattern, crops and their consumptive use (viii) Water quality data of surface streams and ground water (ix) Geomorphologic studies of the basin, like area, shape and slope of the basin, mean and median elevation, mean temperature (as well as highest and lowest temperature recorded) and other physiographic characteristics of the basin; stream density and drainage density; tanks and reservoirs (x) Hydro meteorological characteristics of basin like long term precipitation What is hydrologic cycle? Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle Hydrologic cycle is the movement of water in the earth through various phases. It collects, purifies and distributes the earths fixed supply of water. Water renewable resource on earth The total volume of water on, below and above the surface of the earth is constant. Hydrologic cycle is the water transfer cycle, which occurs continuously in nature. The three important phases of the hydrologic cycle are: (a) Evaporation and transpiration (b)precipitation and (c) runof The globe has one-third land and two-thirds ocean The Hydrologic Cycle and the Human Impact Watershed Watershed refers to the geographic boundaries of a particular water body, its ecosystem and the land that drains to it. It is a topographically delineated area of land where rainwater collects and drains via a river system to a common outlet point which may be a dam, irrigation system or municipal water supply take of point, or where stream discharges into a larger river, lake or the sea. A watershed also includes groundwater aquifers that discharge to and receive discharge from streams, wetlands, ponds, and lakes. Large watersheds are sometimes referred to as river basin. Watersheds provide water for drinking, power and irrigation. It also provides food and shelter for wildlife. Communities living within the watershed enjoy its bountiful resources and enjoy the lakes and streams for their beauty- and for boating, fishing and swimming. You and everyone in your watershed are part of the watershed community. The animals, birds, and fish are too. You influence what happens in your watershed, good or bad, by how you treat the natural resources, the soil, water, air, plants and animals. Philippine Watershed The Philippines has extensive water resources 31,000 hectares of rivers 200,000 hectares of lakes 19,000 hectares of reservoirs 246,000 hectares of swamplands 421 river basin of which 20 are considered major river basins Major rivers Cagayan River Countrys largest river - Agno River, Pampanga River, Pasig River, Bicol River, Rio Grande de Mindanao 99 significant lakes largest lake are Laguna de Bay and Lake Lanao